Manual Being & Edentation: Anamnesis & Preliminary (Philosophy of Science)

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Table of contents

Immigration—legal and illegal Environmental issues Unnatural causes of diseases Health disparities Manners Socialization—both into the dominant society and into the profes- sional practice disciplines Use of traditional healers and medicines This is a topic that requires deep study, reflection, and time. Modern health care advocates? Or, patient advocates?

Click on Chap ter 1 to select the activities for this chapter. Explore MediaLink Box 1—2: Keeping Up There are countless references that are published weekly, monthly, annually, and periodically, which may be accessed to maintain currency in the domains of cul- tural and linguistic competency and with professional organizations concerned with this specialty area of practice. The following are selected suggestions:. The Office is dedicated to improving the health of racial and ethnic minority populations through the development of health policies and programs that will help eliminate health disparities.

Standards of Practice for Culturally Competent Care. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 22 4 , This is an excellent website with links to numerous sites. It is a free quarterly peer-reviewed publication that provides a forum for discussion of the issues, trends, theory, research, evidence-based, and best practices in the provision of culturally congruent and competent nursing and healthcare.

Department of Health and Human Ser- vices. The Joint Commission. United States Census Bureau. A patient-centered guide to implementing language access services in healthcare organizations. Department of Health and Human Services. Flores, G. Language barriers to health care in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 3 , — Smedley B. Unequal treatment: con- fronting racial and ethnic health disparities in health care.

Institute of Medicine Report.

Read Abstracts%20BaSS%%_04_pdf

Explain the factors that contribute to heritage consistency—culture, ethnicity, religion, and socialization. Explain acculturation themes. Determine and discuss sociocultural events that may influence the life trajectory of a given person.

Explain the factors involved in the cultural phenomena affecting health. This banner deeply resonated in me and made me aware of how important it is for me to know my culture and heritage—for all of us to know our culture and heritage. The opening images for this chapter depict critical aspects of the heri- tage I am a member of and are examples of the places and icons that were a part of my socialization as a child and teenager in the New England, American soci- ety of the mids.

Uncanny Homelands: Disability, Race, and the Politics of Memory. Susanne C. Knittel

Figure 2—2 is that of Temple Shalom, the synagogue my family belonged to in Salem, Massachusetts. Here, I learned to read and write Hebrew, the history of the Jewish people, and the norms and expectations of be- ing a Jewish American. Figure 2—3 is my high school, where I learned the skills to advance in life and experienced the roller coaster ride of the teenaged years. These are examples of the highlights of my socialization—the places and icons representative of my cultural heritage and history. What are the places and icons of your generation and culture? If you had to choose 4 images to blend together as cornerstones of your cultural heritage, what would you choose?

Who are you? What is your cultural, ethnic, and religious heritage? How and where were you socialized to the roles and rules of your family, commu- nity, and occupation? Who is the person next to you? How and where was this person socialized to the roles and rules of his or her family, community, and occupation?

The foundation for cultural competency rests in the knowledge and understanding of heritage, not only of yours but also of others with whom you are interacting. Two sets of theories are presented, the first of which analyzes the degree to which people have maintained their traditional heritage; the second, and opposite, set of theories relates to socialization and acculturation and the quasi creation of a melting pot or some other common threads that are part of an American whole.

The assumption is that there is a relationship between people with strong identities—either with their heritage or the level at which they are accul- turated into the American culture—and their health beliefs and practices. The values indicating heritage consistency exist on a continuum, and a person can possess value characteristics of both a consistent heritage traditional and an inconsistent heritage acculturated. For example, Estes and Zitzow observed that when people who identified highly with their tribal culture were treated for alcoholism by a medicine man, the outcome was more favorable than with treatment in the modern culture.

Culture The word culture showed 1,,, results on February 23, , on the Internet. An overview of the content on selected sites, however, is certainly in harmony with the forthcoming discussion. There is no single definition of culture, and all too often definitions omit salient aspects of culture or are too general to have any real meaning. Of the countless ideas of the meaning of this term, some are of particular note. The classical definition by Fejos , p. It is Figure 2—5 Model of heritage consistency. In turn, we transmit cultural luggage to our children.

A third way of defining culture is the behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age group Dictionary. All facets of human behavior can be interpreted through the lens of cul- ture, and everything can be related to and from this context. Culture includes all the following characteristics:. Culture can be likened to a prosthetic device because it is an exten- sion of biological capabilities. Bohannan, , p.

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It is learned, and the capacity to learn culture is genetic, but the subject matter is not genetic and must be learned by each person in a family and social commu- nity. Culture also depends on an underlying social matrix, and included in this social matrix are knowledge, beliefs, art, law, morals, and customs Bohannan, , p.

Culture is learned in that people learn the ways to see their environment— that is, they learn from the environment how to see and interpret what they see. People learn to speak, and they learn to learn. Culture, as the medium of our individuality, is the way in which we express ourselves. It is the medium of human social relationships, in that culture must be shared and creates social relationships. The symbols of culture—sound and acts—form the basis of all lan- guages. Symbols are everywhere—in religion, politics, and gender; these are cul- tural symbols, the meanings of which vary between and within cultural groups Bohannan, , pp.

The society in which we live, and political, eco- nomic, and social forces tend to alter the way in which some aspects of a culture are transmitted and maintained. Many of the essential components of a culture, however, pass from one generation to the next unaltered. Consequently, our cultural background determines much of what we believe, think, and do, both consciously and unconsciously. In this way, culture and ethnicity are handed down from one generation to another. These classic definitions of culture con- tinue to serve as a basis for understanding the term in the present time.

Ethnicity The word ethnicity showed 23,, results on February 23, , on the Internet. A random exploration of selected sites did not provide information different from the classical information in the following discussion. Before we proceed with this discussion, though, we need to define some terms, so that we can proceed from the same point of reference.

The term ethnic has for some time aroused strongly negative feelings and is often rejected by the general population. The people cluster together against the majority, who in turn may be discriminating against them.

Ethnicity is indicative of the following characteristics a group may share in some combination:. Geographic origin 2.

Camus, Philosophe

Migratory status 3. Race 4. Language and dialect 5. Religious faith or faiths 6. Ties that transcend kinship, neighborhood, and community boundaries 7. Traditions, values, and symbols 8. Literature, folklore, and music 9. Food preferences Settlement and employment patterns Special interest, with regard to politics, in the homeland and in the United States Institutions that specifically serve and maintain the group An internal sense of distinctiveness An external perception of distinctiveness There are at least ethnic groups and more than American Indian Nations in the United States that meet many of these criteria.


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People from every country in the world have immigrated to this country. Some nations, such as Germany, England, Wales, and Ireland, are heavily represented; others, such as Japan, the Philippines, and Greece, have smaller numbers of people living here Thernstrom, , p. Religion The third major component of heritage consistency is religion. The word religion showed ,, results on February 23, , on the Internet.

Again, a random review of the material yielded information that was similar to existing data. The practice of religion is revealed in numerous cults, sects, denominations, and churches. Religion gives a person a frame of reference and a perspective with which to organize information. Religious teachings in relation to health help present a meaningful philosophy and system of practices within a system of social controls having specific values, norms, and ethics.

These are related to health in that ad- herence to a religious code is conducive to spiritual harmony and health. Illness is sometimes seen as a punishment for the violation of religious codes and morals. Religion plays a fundamental and vital role in the health beliefs and prac- tices of many people.

The following are general examples of the influences reli- gion has on health practices:. Meditating 2. Being vaccinated 3. Being willing to have the body examined 4.