Guide Antenna Basics: A guide for the radio hobbyist

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You should be able to calculate the operating frequency from the information given in this article. The orientation of an antenna with respect to the earth's surface is called its "polarization. In the orientation shown above, the dipole's element is parallel to the earth's surface, and therefore the antenna is horizontally polarized.

Reorienting the dipole so that its element tips point up and down makes it vertically polarized. A very important consideration is that all antennas within a communication system should use the same polarization. Wi-Fi antennas are almost always vertically polarized. As previously stated, antennas transmit and receive radio waves better in certain directions, thereby increasing the effective radiated power ERP in those directions.

Note that the total radiated power is not increased, but is merely stronger in one or more directions, and is weaker in other directions. The unit of measurement most often used to quantify gain is the decibel, or dB , which is based on the Bel, which was named in honor of Alexander Graham Bell. If you want to understand how to calculate Bels and decibels, you are on your own since that is outside the scope of this article.

Suffice it to say that the higher the dB rating of an antenna, the more gain it supposedly has. In addition to the dB, there is another unit that is used to describe antenna gain: the dBi, or decibel isotropic. An isotropic source is a theoretical antenna that consists of a single point that radiates RF in every direction, like a sphere. The dBi is more commonly used to quantify antenna gain for one reason: a dBi rating results in higher numbers than the dB rating, which makes an antenna seem to have more gain, even though it does not actually have more gain.

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As before, the exact methods for calculating dBi are not essential to this discussion. Just remember this: higher dB or dBi ratings indicate higher gain, and if you are comparing antennas, be sure that they are rated using the same unit of measure — either dB or dBi — but not a mixture of the two. There are five different bands used for Wi-Fi transmissions: 2.

How the bands are used varies from one country to another. The most widely used is the 2. The 2.

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Thus, the wavelength of a 2. A dipole at 2. For those of you who are accustomed to working in inches, a dipole at 2. No matter which units you use, the elements are quite small in the 2. The photograph below shows two Wi-Fi antennas that were removed from a 2. The bottom antenna remains in its plastic cover and retains the hinged base that allows for it to be oriented vertically regardless of the mounting position of the router.

The top antenna has been removed from its plastic cover to reveal the internal construction. Although it may not be immediately evident, the antenna is a dipole. One half of the dipole is the white wire that protrudes to the left, and the other half of the dipole is the metal cylinder. In both cases, the wire feedline exits from the bottom of the antenna to connect to the Wi-Fi radio transceiver.

The feedline is a coaxial cable with an inner conductor and an outer braided shield; a clear plastic cover encases the feedline.


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  7. The Fundamentals of Wi-Fi Antennas - Technical Articles;

    8. This particular feedline is often used for Wi-Fi devices because of its small size and relatively low RF losses; it is designated RG Coaxial feedlines are often referred to as "coax. The other end of the coax is connected the router, as shown below. Note that the shields are securely soldered to the ground plane on the PCB, and the center conductors are soldered to PCB tracks that lead to the transceiver inside the gold metal box. The inset shows an alternative soldering style; sometimes connectors are soldered to the PCB and the coax is equipped with mating connectors that snap into place.

    At this point, you should have an understanding of antenna fundamentals as they apply to Wi-Fi. Future articles in this series will focus on nondirectional as well as directional antennas for Wi-Fi use.