Cancer development and progression are associated with increased ECM . Despite the fact that the majority of cancer patients succumb to metastatic .. from high throughput gene expression analyses down to single cell biological dissection. Use of a dedicated day care unit in a modern radiation oncology facility -- a.
Table of contents
- Evolutionary history of metastatic breast cancer reveals minimal seeding from axillary lymph nodes
- Metastasis - Wikipedia
- 25-27 October, 2019
Paradoxically, the anticancer effect of hyperthermia alone has not yet been adequately exploited because deep heating techniques and devices to aggregate heat effects only in cancer tissues are difficult in practical terms. This review article focuses on the current understanding concerning cancer immunity and involvement of hyperthermia and the innate and adoptive immune system. The potential for combination therapy with hyperthermia and chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery is also discussed. Myelodysplastic syndromes MDS include a heterogeneous group of blood disorders generally afflicting older people.
Several genetic factors have been reported from these patients that have an important role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of this disease. This review showed that BCR-ABL fusion has been reported in 22 MDS patients whose condition generally transformed to acute myeloblastic leukemia and was not responsive to conventional therapies. However, these patients showed a good response to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Therefore, even though incidence of BCR-ABL fusion appears to be low in MDS patients, its detection is essential in assessing disease prognosis and choosing appropriate treatment. Short Communication Open Access Management of choroidal metastasis using external beam radiotherapy: Choroidal metastases are rare in the evolution of solid cancers and constitute exceptional metastatic sites involving functional visual prognosis.
The authors conducted a retrospective study to determine the interest of external radiotherapy for the treatment of choroidal metastases. The median age was 58 years extremes: No patient had visual degradation. No acute or late grade toxicities were objectified. There was no dose relationship-response in our series. External radiation therapy is a useful technique in the palliative treatment of choroidal metastases.
Acute and late toxicities are acceptable. Uveal eye melanoma is the most common primary eye malignancy in adults. Once hepatic metastasis develops, the survival of patients is generally short and currently available treatments fail to show meaningful improvement of survival.
Recent development of immune checkpoint blockades revolutionized immunotherapy for metastatic cutaneous skin melanoma. Unfortunately, metastatic uveal melanoma is unresponsive to this approach, thus there is an unmet Unfortunately, metastatic uveal melanoma is unresponsive to this approach, thus there is an unmet need to improve the treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma. One unique characteristic of uveal melanoma is that the majority of metastases first develop in the liver. The liver is highly specialized in development of immune tolerance to food-derived antigens and consequently serves a unique function in the immune system.
Understanding the mechanisms by which the liver orchestrates immune-related responses is important to the development of an effective immunotherapy for hepatic metastases such as metastatic uveal melanoma. In this review article, the authors overview the immunological aspects of the liver and discuss approaches to improve immunotherapy for metastatic uveal melanoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of treatment related to age in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer NSCLC. The study was limited to performance status Clinical and demographic characteristics were reviewed form medical records.
Type of treatment was collected and compared, as well as benefit from treatment, in terms of overall survival. The benefits of treatment were similar, regardless of age. Smoking status demonstrated a prognosis impact for elder patients treated with chemotherapy. Those who remained active smokers had a lower overall survival in the aged group.
In a multivariate analysis, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, active treatment and non-smoking history were favorable prognostic factors for elder patients. Smoking had not impact on young patients. Elderly patients were undertreated in clinical practice. Treatment showed similar overall survival despite of age. The impact of smoking seems to be more significant in the elderly population. Open Access Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases: The membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases MT-MMPs , an important subgroup of the wider MMP family, demonstrate widespread expression in multiple tumor types, and play key roles in cancer growth, migration, invasion and metastasis.
Despite a large body of published research, relatively little information exists regarding evidence for MT-MMP expression and function in metastatic prostate cancer. This review provides an appraisal of the literature describing gene and protein expression in prostate cancer cells and clinical tissue, summarises the evidence for roles in prostate cancer This review provides an appraisal of the literature describing gene and protein expression in prostate cancer cells and clinical tissue, summarises the evidence for roles in prostate cancer progression, and examines the data relating to MT-MMP function in the development of bone metastases.
A year-old female patient arrived at our practice complaining of progressive abdominal increase and presenting a clinical picture of intestinal obstruction. At physical examination, the abdomen appeared distended, moderately painful with the presence of a mass of hard consistency. Abdominal computed tomography scan showed a large hypodense pelvic mass that indicated a compression and lateral deviation of the uterus and bladder. Microscopically, the mass showed a uniform solid pattern, composed of medium and large-sized cells with hyperchromatic and pleomorphic nuclei demonstrating high Microscopically, the mass showed a uniform solid pattern, composed of medium and large-sized cells with hyperchromatic and pleomorphic nuclei demonstrating high mitotic activity and diffuse immunoreactivity for estrogen receptors and synaptophysin.
A diagnosis of uterine poorly differentiated large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, arising in the endometrium with an unusual colonic metastatic localization, was made. Review Open Access Current challenges and opportunities in treating hypoxic prostate tumors Declan J. Hypoxia is a well-established characteristic of prostate tumors and is now recognised as a major contributory factor to both tumor progression and increased resistance to therapy. One strategy to target hypoxic tumor cells is the development of hypoxia-activated prodrugs HAPs , which are activated in low oxygen environments. Several HAPs have been developed but despite encouraging results from preclinical studies many of these have performed disappointingly in clinical trials.
In the developing era of precision medicine, it is clear that more strategic deployment of these agents is In the developing era of precision medicine, it is clear that more strategic deployment of these agents is required, based on reliable methods that can identify patients who will benefit from HAP treatment, either alone or in combination with other drugs. This review discusses the primary limitations of using HAPs to treat hypoxic tumors and explains how these challenges can be addressed.
In particular, it emphasises the importance of tumor imaging and identification of reliable biomarkers for measuring hypoxia and monitoring cellular response to treatment in individual patients. Developing predictive assays for clinical use will be paramount in demonstrating the patient impact and effectiveness of HAPs for personalised medicine. Minireview Open Access Treatment of liver metastases in patients selected for cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis Antonio Sommariva. Cytoreductive surgery CS and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy HIPEC have gained increasing consensus in treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer.
Relevant studies on this topic were identified through a search in the Relevant studies on this topic were identified through a search in the electronic PubMed database, using the appropriate keywords. Patients should be selected in high volume tertiary centres, preferably in the context of a prospective trial. Alkaline phosphatase ALP flare has been reported to occur during cancer treatment as a favorable event, particularly in the presence of bone metastasis.
There have been only a few reports in lung cancer and associated radiographic findings have seldom been described. The authors observed ALP flare in a female patient with lung adenocarcinoma soon after the initiation of gefitinib. Moreover, on computed tomography, metastatic lesions of the rib and thoracic spine showed marked hyperostosis, with sizes larger than the original bone structure, suggesting efficacy of gefitinib.
The significance of such hyperostosis should be elucidated. Prostate cancer PCa is the second most prevalent male cancer worldwide and designated the sixth most frequent male cancer in Arab countries. Although prostate specific antigen PSA has become the best and most valuable biomarker for screening of PCa, elevated levels of PSA can reflect the presence of malignant cells but can overlap with benign prostatic diseases. There is a necessity to develop and improve current tools for early detection and diagnosis of PCa.
The study included 72 patients with PCa, 70 BPH patients and 56 healthy male subjects of matched age. Full history and clinical data were recorded for all subjects. Calais da Silva, Paula A. However, one third of the patients on BCG regimen relapse within the first year of treatment. This study aimed at identifying biomarkers to predict response to BCG treatment. Gene expression was analyzed in blood cells of 58 patients treated with BCG through six consecutive weekly instillations and then at month 3, 6, 9, and Original Article Open Access Impact of health care insurance on overall survival of patients with multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance Srinivas S.
Health care insurance improves access to care and thus outcome in patients with solid tumors. Little information on the impact of health care insurance on hematological malignancies including multiple myeloma exists. Funded patients with MM had an overall survival OS of 6. Case Report Open Access Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor liver metastasis in a patient with previously diagnosed pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma has an usually poor prognosis despite multimodal approaches and sequential chemotherapy.
The authors present a case of a long-term survivor with stage III pancreatic adenocarcinoma achieving partial response after a multimodal approach including local and systemic treatments. However, three years after diagnosis and amidst several episodes of cholangitis, hepatic metastasis were suspected.
Despite pancreatic adenocarcinoma being the obvious culprit for metastization, a hepatic biopsy was considered at that time given a stable primary disease and Despite pancreatic adenocarcinoma being the obvious culprit for metastization, a hepatic biopsy was considered at that time given a stable primary disease and presenting three years since the initial diagnosis.
At this point, a biopsy could have specific diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications and after it was performed, an unexpected diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor was made. Therefore, we urge clinicians to consider hepatic biopsy in similar cases - generally when it may change prognosis and treatment strategies - and perform histological confirmation of metastatic disease whenever feasible, even if the answer may seem obvious at first impression.
Spontaneous metastatic clostridial myonecrosis is a rare condition caused by Clostridium septicum. The underlying lesion is usually either a colonic neoplasm or leukemia. The authors reported a year-old female who presented with acute abdomen secondary to a perforated sigmoid cancer and who developed gas gangrene in her right leg. Unfortunately, despite all resuscitative measures, she died. The authors reviewed the literature; the diagnosis of metastatic myonecrosis was based on a high index of suspicion, development of bullae containing gram-positive rods, and subcutaneous crepitus The authors reviewed the literature; the diagnosis of metastatic myonecrosis was based on a high index of suspicion, development of bullae containing gram-positive rods, and subcutaneous crepitus although this was a late sign.
The mortality remains very high, despite all the above measures. The primary mode of treatment for desmoid tumors is surgical excision. The role of adjuvant radiotherapy after surgical resection of primary disease is controversial and should be based on a balanced discussion of potential morbidity from radiotherapy and local recurrence. In this patient, the maximum dimension of tumor was 21 cm.
This is a larger chest wall fibromatosis than has been reported thus far, to the best of our knowledge. In this case, post-operative margins were free, but in view of the large In this case, post-operative margins were free, but in view of the large initial tumor size and potential morbidity in case of any future locoregional recurrence, post-operative adjuvant external beam radiation was delivered. An image guided intensity modulated radiotherapy technique was chosen to spare adjacent breast and lung parenchyma, and tolerance of these structures was well respected.
This case provides insight into this treatment approach. Review Open Access Pharmacogenomics in colorectal cancer: The treatment scenario of colorectal cancer CRC has been evolving in recent years with the introduction of novel targeted agents and new therapeutic strategies for the metastatic disease. An extensive effort has been directed to the identification of predictive biomarkers to aid patients selection and guide therapeutic choices. Pharmacogenomics represents an irreplaceable tool to individualize patients treatment based on germline and tumor acquired somatic genetic variations able to predict drugs response and risk of toxicities.
The growing knowledge of CRC molecular characteristics and The growing knowledge of CRC molecular characteristics and complex genomic makeup has played a crucial role in identifying predictive pharmacogenomic biomarkers, while supporting the rationale for the development of new drugs and treatment combinations. Clinical validation of promising biomarkers, however, is often an issue. More recently, a deeper understanding of resistance mechanisms and tumor escape dynamics under treatment pressure and the availability of novel technologies are opening new perspectives in this field.
This review aims to present an overview of current pharmacogenomic biomarkers and future perspectives of pharmacogenomics in CRC, in an evolving scenario moving from a single drug-gene interactions approach to a more comprehensive genome-wide approach, comprising genomics and epigenetics. Excision repair cross complementation group 1 ERCC1 has a key role in enhanced DNA damage repair caused by oxaliplatin-based therapy and may lead to resistance of these platinum drugs in colorectal cancer CRC patients.
Significant correlation was not observed between clinicopathological parameters and ERCC1 polymorphism, while ERCC1 protein expression significantly correlated only with tumor site colon vs. ERCC1-positive protein expression may be a useful marker for rectal cancer patients. It is now well established that the tumor microenvironment plays an essential role in the survival, growth, invasion, and spread of cancer through the regulation of angiogenesis and localized immune responses. This review examines the role of the HOX genes, which encode a family of homeodomain-containing transcription factors, in the interaction between prostate tumors and their microenvironment.
Previous studies have established that HOX genes have an important function in prostate cancer cell survival in vitro and in vivo, but there is also evidence that HOX proteins regulate the Previous studies have established that HOX genes have an important function in prostate cancer cell survival in vitro and in vivo, but there is also evidence that HOX proteins regulate the expression of genes in the cancer cell that influence the tumor microenvironment, and that cells in the microenvironment likewise express HOX genes that confer a tumor-supportive function.
Here we provide an overview of these studies that, taken together, indicate that the HOX genes help mediate cross talk between prostate tumors and their microenvironment Back. The authors present a case of histologically benign and incidentally discovered millimetric solitary fibrous tumor of the bladder, invisible to radiologic imaging and clinically benign. The case came to our attention because of repeated episodes of renal colic.
As opposed to the present case, solitary fibrous tumor are generally discovered when they reach certain dimensions, being slow-growing, painless masses. Such a tumor of the bladder is a very rare finding, with less than 20 cases reported, and it has yet to be described with such a small size. The main differential diagnoses are The main differential diagnoses are discussed. Such tumors with histological features of malignancy are also described in the literature. However, the present case had a bland appearance so a conservative approach with an excision was adopted.
No signs of recurrence are present at follow-up. Original Article Open Access Malignant field expression signatures in biopsy samples at diagnosis predict the likelihood of lethal disease in patients with localized prostate cancer Gennadi V.
Evolutionary history of metastatic breast cancer reveals minimal seeding from axillary lymph nodes
Overtreatment of early-stage low-risk prostate cancer patients represents a significant problem in disease management and has significant socio-economic implications. Changes in prostate cancer screening and treatment practices in the United States have been associated with the recent decline in overall incidence and concomitant significant increase of the annual incidence of metastatic prostate cancer has been documented. Therefore, development of genetic and molecular markers of clinically significant disease in patients diagnosed with low grade localized prostate cancer would have a Therefore, development of genetic and molecular markers of clinically significant disease in patients diagnosed with low grade localized prostate cancer would have a major impact in disease management.
Identification of gene expression signatures GES associated with lethal prostate cancer has been performed using microarray analyses of biopsy specimens obtained at the time of diagnosis from patients with Gleason 6 G6 and G7 tumors in a Swedish watchful waiting cohort with up to 30 years follow-up. Classification performance of the reported in this study genes GES of lethal prostate cancer appeared suitable to meet design and feasibility requirements of a prospective 4 to 6 years clinical trial, which is essential for regulatory approval of diagnostic and prognostic tests in clinical setting.
Prospectively validated GES of lethal PC in biopsy specimens of G6 and G7 tumors will help physicians to identify, at the time of diagnosis, patients who should be considered for exclusion from active surveillance programs and who would most likely benefit from immediate curative interventions. To study the impact of Helicobacter pylori H. GC specimens were randomly collected from 42 patients, of whom 15 had H. Tumor RNA was extracted for reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction quantification of gene expression.
The mRNA levels of interleukin IL -6 and leptin, which are known to regulate Th17 differentiation, were upregulated by 20 and 6 folds, respectively, in H. ILA and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, two cytokines produced by Th17 cells, were 5- and 6-fold higher in tumors with H. Interestingly, we observed that H. The findings demonstrate a cross-talk and synergistic role of H.
Metastases from head and neck cancers is rare occurrence. Distant metastases are very rare and are most commonly seen in the lung, brain, liver and bones, and the latent period between the development of the primary and the distant metastases is usually long. There are very few cases reported of chest wall metastases from squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck.
This article reports such a case of squamous cell carcinoma of buccal mucosa metastasizing to the chest wall four months after This article reports such a case of squamous cell carcinoma of buccal mucosa metastasizing to the chest wall four months after primary therapy. The metastasis was treated with local palliative radiotherapy to the chest wall. This case is special as the present knowledge on this type of presentation is limited in the medical literature.
Gliomatosis cerebri GC is an uncommon disease, defined as diffuse infiltration of neoplastic glial cells involving at least three cerebral lobes. GCs in young population are rare. The patient had a rapid deterioration in 5 months after first symptoms due to intratumoral bleeding. This is the first case report of intratumoral bleeding after diagnosis of GC is made, resulting in poor outcome. GC may acquire possibility of intratumoral hemorrhage through its GC may acquire possibility of intratumoral hemorrhage through its development. Original Article Open Access Nibrin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma: The present study sought to discover the role of Nibrin protein in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma OSCC and its potential relationship with clinicopathological parameters.
Nibrin expression was evaluated immunohistochemically using the modified H-score method. Thus, the present study revealed that Nibrin could be used as a prognostic marker in patients with early stage OSCC.
Metastasis - Wikipedia
Tumor tissues contain cancer cells, other cellular and non-cellular components. Tumor microenvironments consist of cancer cells and various types of stromal cells, cancer associated fibroblasts, bone marrow-derived cells, endothelial cells, and hematopoietic cells, mainly tumor-associated macrophages and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Increasing recent evidence has demonstrated that alteration of tumor microenvironments is deeply implicated in tumor progression and metastasis in gastric cancer GC patients. Recent investigations have provided insights into the molecular mechanisms of the Recent investigations have provided insights into the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between tumor cells and tumor microenvironments.
Interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment with cytokines and microRNA in extracellular vesicles, such as the exosome, can have a substantial impact on tumor characteristics. Alterations in the tumor microenvironment may play a crucial role in facilitating the progression of tumor cells and metastasis, as well as the activation of cell signaling pathways, which are associated with GC cell proliferation and invasion by genetic or epigenetic alterations.
In this review, significant molecular insights into the tumor microenvironment, which consist of cancer associated fibroblasts, bone marrow-derived cells, tumor-associated macrophages and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; the interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment; and the clinical impacts of alterations of GC microenvironments will be discussed.
Original Article Open Access Impact of previous anti-angiogenesis treatment in nivolumab-treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer Takefumi Komiya, Chao H. Huang, Prakash Neupane, Stephen K. To investigate how previous systemic therapy such as anti-angiogenesis can influence cancer immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer NSCLC. A total of patients with advanced NSCLC who were treated with nivolumab were retrospectively reviewed.
Correlation between status of prior anti-angiogenesis treatment and clinical characteristics were determined. Impact of prior anti-angiogenesis on therapeutic outcome of nivolumab was investigated for tumor efficacy such as progression-free survival PFS. Sixteen patients were treated with at least one Sixteen patients were treated with at least one anti-angiogenesis agent prior to nivolumab. The prior use of anti-angiogenesis agent was associated with stage IV disease, non-squamous histology, and two or more lines of systemic therapy. Median PFS was significantly shorter in the prior anti-angiogenesis group than in no prior anti-angiogenesis group 8.
Multivariate analyses demonstrated that only prior anti-angiogenesis status was associated with worse PFS. This retrospective study suggests that prior anti-angiogenesis treatment negatively impacts the therapeutic outcome of immunotherapy in advanced NSCLC. Forty-five cases of lung cancer patients from Xuanwei and 42 lung cancer cases from non-Xuanwei were enrolled.
Extraction of RNA was done using the Trizol kit. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR assay was done to obtain the relative expression. High expression of LincRNA-p21 in Xuanwei patients may have relationship with cell damage caused by coal burning pollution in Xuanwei. Impact on Treatment" Ira-Ida Skvortsova. Original Article Open Access Gastric cancer treated with pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy: Gastric cancer is the cancer with the highest rate of peritoneal metastization and this type of spread is associated with a higher death rate compared to distant organ metastasis.
The systemic chemotherapy has a minimal effect in peritoneal metastasis so new types of treatment have emerged. The authors revised the main studies done in pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy PIPAC and presented the main conclusions. The MeSH database was searched with the terms: Seven studies were analyzed. All the studies performed the technique with aerosol of doxorubicin and cisplatin. All cases were well tolerated, with minor adverse effects. Patients presented resolution of their abdominal symptoms and regression of macroscopic carcinomatosis.
Cytoreductive surgery or hypertermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy could be performed in some patients with good response to PIPAC. The peritonitis caused by the chemotherapy was well tolerated. PIPAC can induce remission in end-stage and resistant disease with acceptable side effects, good safety levels for patients and health professionals, and quality of life improvement.
Open Access Getting closer to prostate cancer in patients - what scientists should want from clinicians Norman J. For scientists pursuing drug development for prostate cancer, it is critical that an appropriate ex vivo or in vitro model system is available for study. Cancer research has generally consisted of: As the knowledge of the biological nature of the cancer cell improves, it has become increasingly apparent that such a simplistic attitude to cancer therapy development or As the knowledge of the biological nature of the cancer cell improves, it has become increasingly apparent that such a simplistic attitude to cancer therapy development or indeed diagnosis is rapidly outdated, and a closer liaison between the clinic and the laboratory studies is more important than ever as the author seeks to target specific gene expression pathways, specific signaling pathways, cancer specific mutations and indeed the interactions between cancer cells and their micro-environment, all of which provide a tremendous potential for novel therapeutic development.
Benado, Gabriel Ragusa, Rose F. Signaling pathways are tightly controlled systems that regulate the appropriate timing of gene expression required for the differentiation of cells down a particular lineage essential for proper tissue development. Proliferation, apoptosis and metabolic pathways are just a few examples of the signaling pathways that require fine-tuning, so as to control the proper development of a particular tissue type or organ system. The aberrant expression of lncRNAs is therefore linked with a number of chronic diseases including cardiac dysfunction, diabetes, and cancer.
In this review, we highlight the specific role lncRNAs have in promoting the metastatic cascade across a number of epithelial cancer models. Review Open Access Immunotherapy in the treatment of colorectal cancer: In the last few years, the success of anti-PD1 and anti-PDL1 drugs in solid cancers treatment and the advances in molecular biology have provided new potential treatment strategies for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
Unfortunately, only patients with mismatch repair deficiency seem to benefit from immunotherapy and they represent a small subset of the metastatic population. New ongoing studies focus on converting an immune ignorant tumour into an inflamed one by combination therapies and on introducing an immunotherapeutic approach in earlier stages of disease neoadjuvant and New ongoing studies focus on converting an immune ignorant tumour into an inflamed one by combination therapies and on introducing an immunotherapeutic approach in earlier stages of disease neoadjuvant and adjuvant setting.
In this review we summarize the current knowledge about the molecular and immune landscape of colorectal cancer and propose new potential combination strategies to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy. Neumann, Kevin Levine, Steffi Oesterreich. Open Access Getting better at treating prostate cancer: If the treatment landscape for prostate cancer is to be transformed, clinicians and scientists must work together ever more closely. This commentary is aimed at stimulating debate about how we as clinicians and scientists can assist one another and improve our knowledge to the benefit of patients dying from metastatic disease.
Gastric cancer GC remains one of the most common cancers and serious health problems worldwide. For unresectable or metastatic advanced gastric cancer, chemotherapy treatment is first selected. Although chemotherapy has improved survival in patients with advanced gastric cancer AGC , the prognosis of these patients remains poor. In recent years, some therapies targeting biological molecules have been reported to prolong the survival of patients with AGC.
Since trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody that targets HER2, was established as standard therapy for unresectable GC in a HER2-positive patient, many other targets have been reported as new therapy targets. Furthermore, immunotherapy is expected to be an effective treatment with promising clinical trial data. Moreover, ongoing clinical trials including targeted therapy and immunotherapy have shown promising results in improving clinical outcomes, safety, and tolerability.
In this article, we review targeting therapies and immunotherapies for GC and summarize future prospective treatments. Original Article Open Access Percutaneous, computed tomography guided neurolysis using continuous radiofrequency for pain reduction in oncologic patients Periklis Zavridis, Maria Tsitskari, Argyro Mazioti, Dimitrios Filippiadis. This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of percutaneous computed tomography CT -guided neurolysis using continuous radiofrequency for pain reduction in oncologic patients. Pain levels before treatment, one week after treatment, and at the last follow-up average follow-up 6 months were compared by means Pain levels before treatment, one week after treatment, and at the last follow-up average follow-up 6 months were compared by means of a Numeric Visual Scale NVS questionnaire and a Brief Pain Inventory Short Form questionnaire.
Median procedure time was 44 min.
Median number of CT scans, performed to control correct positioning of the cannula and precise electrode placement, was 8. Pain scores of questionnaires prior to treatment mean value 9. No complication was observed. This study concludes that CT-guided neurolysis by means of continuous radiofrequency ablation is a safe and efficient technique for pain palliation in oncologic patients. Diagnostics and Clinical Applications Open Access The significance and clinical utility of the detection of primary malignant circulating prostate cells: Primary malignant circulating prostate cells CPCs are those detected in blood before definitive treatment for prostate cancer.
CPCs can be detected in men with benign prostate disease; however, some methods to distinguish between benign and malignant prostate cells have to be validated. This study presents a review of the subject, including theoretical considerations for the selection of markers to detect them, the different methods used, and the utility of their detection in identifying men with prostate cancer and as a prognostic factor.
Leiomyosarcoma LMS is the most common histological subtype among all renal sarcomas. The authors describe here a case of primary leiomyosarcoma of renal pelvis in a year-old lady, presenting with flank pain. Microscopy reflected spindle cell tumor which showed Microscopy reflected spindle cell tumor which showed strong positivity for desmin and smooth muscle actin with negative epithelial markers, thereby confirming the diagnosis of renal LMS.
Owing to aggressive nature and low survival rates of LMS patient received adjuvant treatment in form of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Patient is doing well 1 year post treatment. Case Report Open Access Squamous cell carcinoma of tongue 18 years after renal transplantation: Solid organ transplant recipients are at increased risk of developing malignancies, even decades after transplant, due to the prolonged use of immunosuppressant drugs.
A year-old male underwent renal transplant for end stage renal disease 18 years previously and was on immunosuppressive drugs since that time and was on regular follow up. In , he developed a squamous cell carcinoma of tongue, which was operated and adjuvant radiation therapy was given.
The patient is currently on follow up and asymptomatic. Though squamous cell carcinoma of tongue is a relatively common malignancy in Though squamous cell carcinoma of tongue is a relatively common malignancy in the general population, it is very rare in transplant recipients. Hence, such patients require longer follow-up, active surveillance, and screening for early diagnosis and prompt treatment of premalignant and malignant conditions. To investigate if the genetic information provided by sequencing of both solid and liquid biopsies can shed light on tumor heterogeneity, and to understand the clinical usefulness of adding blood profiling to standard tissue analysis in cancer care.
Data from patients with stage IV solid tumors for whom molecular profiling of their solid and liquid biopsies was available were studied, with a focus on the discrepant molecular information found between tissue and blood samples. Discrepant gene mutations with a functional impact on the corresponding protein were studied in detail. This study suggests that the addition of blood profiling should be considered in routine clinical oncology, especially for patients with metastatic disease where integrated analysis of solid and liquid biopsies provides a more complete characterization of tumor heterogeneity and provides valuable clinical information for patient treatment.
Hepatocellular carcinoma HCC is the most common primary liver cancer. Most of the time, these tumors are diagnosed at late stages. Because no effective treatments exist for patients with advanced stage HCC, there is an urgent need for novel, effective treatments. Cancer cells originate as a consequence of abnormal expression of oncogenes or loss of tumor suppressor genes. Often, neoplastic transformation results in a hyper-mutated cellular genome, which in turn produces neo-antigens from mutated genes.
These tumor-specific or tumor-associated antigens can be recognized by These tumor-specific or tumor-associated antigens can be recognized by antigen-presenting cells and trigger T-lymphocytes to elicit anticancer immunity.
Immune responses to cancers are often rendered ineffective by tumor immune-editing and immune-suppressive mechanisms. Yet, therapeutic strategies to stimulate anti-cancer immunity have had remarkable success in several solid and hematological malignancies. Among the various strategies for cancer immunotherapy, cell-mediated immunotherapy holds considerable promise to overcome anergy and systemic immune suppression.
This brief review will focus on cell-mediated immunotherapy for HCC. Review Open Access Significance of peritoneal lavage cytology based on genetic signatures in gastric cancer Tasuku Matsuoka, Masakazu Yashiro. Peritoneal metastasis is the most common pattern of recurrence and the most frequent cause of death after surgery in patients with gastric cancer. Peritoneal free cancer cells disseminated from the primary lesion site have been considered the main cause of peritoneal metastasis. Peritoneal lavage cytological examination PLC has been shown to be an independent predictor of gastric cancer relapse after curative resection and poor overall survival.
However, the conventional cytological examinations have high rates of false-positive and false-negative findings. To improve the sensitivity, To improve the sensitivity, molecular-based methods using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction have been developed for detecting cancer cells in peritoneal wash fluids of patients with gastric cancer. Relevant articles were reviewed and data on available outcomes elaborated. The clinical roles and attributes of PLC in gastric cancer were reviewed, and its future application to this disease is discussed.
25-27 October, 2019
Gastric cancer GC is a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The existence of cancer stem cells CSCs is known to be the main reason for resistance to anticancer agents as well as for the development of distant metastases. Although CSCs themselves harbor self-renewal and differentiation abilities, the tumor microenvironment that surrounds CSCs provides secreted factors and supports angiogenesis and is thus responsible for the maintenance of their CSC properties.
The current review provides information regarding the impact of the tumor microenvironment on gastric CSCs, which The current review provides information regarding the impact of the tumor microenvironment on gastric CSCs, which will support the development of novel therapeutic strategies for targeting gastric CSCs. In a normal prostate, the process of controling cell death is essential to maintain tissue homeostasis and its inhibition may lead to the development of cancer.
Androgen receptor signaling plays pivotal roles in the prostate development and homeostasis as well as in the progression of prostate cancer. The main treatment for prostate cancer is a combination of androgen deprivation therapy ADT using anti-androgens and docetaxil administration. However, ADT eventually fails due to a pathological unbalance of cell death processes, in particular apoptosis and autophagy. As a result prostate As a result prostate tumors may re-grow and progress into the castration resistant stage.
The role of autophagy in tumorigenesis is complex and it could be a double-edged sword process, as autophagy defects promote cancer progression in association with various dangerous cellular processes, while functional autophagy enables cancer cell survival under stress and likely contributes to the resistance of treatment. In particular, elucidating the interplay between autophagy and tumor cell metabolism will provide unique opportunities to identify new therapeutic targets and to develop synthetically lethal treatment strategies that preferentially target cancer cells, while sparing normal tissues.
The objective of this study was to examine the health-related quality of life HRQOL , and its correlates among rectal cancer survivors in northwest of Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted in northwest of Iran. Rectal cancer survivors were selected from teaching hospitals. Information about socio-demographic, lifestyle and clinical features of disease was obtained by trained interviewers.
A total of 96 patients were included in this A total of 96 patients were included in this study with mean age of Bernabe, Carolina Belmar, Maria R. Upper alveolar ridge and hard palate squamous cancer is an infrequent malignancy. We evaluated factors associated with neck involvement and with pstaining. Head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma SCC patients who went to Head and Neck Department between and were screened, and 73 resected upper alveolar ridge and 5 hard palate SCC were selected. Tumors with available tissue were stained with p16 immunohistochemistry.
Median age was Neck dissections were performed in 24 and pathologically Neck dissections were performed in 24 and pathologically confirmed node metastases were found in 19 Cervical recurrence was found in 18 patients Neck involvement and recurrence are frequent in this location. Ppositive cases were present in 7. Incidence rate has been gradually decreasing, but prognosis remains dismal. For metastatic GAC patients, combination of two cytotoxics platinum compound and fluoropyrimidine has become a common place in the USA, and when HER2 is positive, trastuzumab is Meta-Analysis Open Access The potential prognostic and predictive roles of programmed cell death protein 1 expressed by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in solid tumors: This study aims to further systematically evaluate the association of PD-1 by TILs with clinicopathological parameters and clinical outcomes in solid tumor patients.
The potential prognostic and A total of patients were selected for in-depth analysis. Review Open Access The magnitude of benefit from adding taxanes to anthracyclines in the adjuvant settings of breast cancer: The taxanes family of chemotherapy, which includes paclitaxel and docetaxel, has been incorporated in the adjuvant breast cancer treatments since s. Sequential and concurrent use of taxanes was investigated with anthracyclines in many adjuvant early breast cancer randomized clinical trials. Results from taxanes trials showed inconsistent benefits. However, several meta-analyses showed significant survival benefit of adding taxanes.
In this review article, data were collected and summarized from eleven large randomized trials and three meta-analyses to show and discuss the magnitude of In this review article, data were collected and summarized from eleven large randomized trials and three meta-analyses to show and discuss the magnitude of benefit of taxanes-anthracyclines combination compared to anthracyclines only adjuvant regimens in early breast cancer. This article aims at providing the oncologists with a well-organized, inclusive and updated evidence.
Commentary Open Access Cancer, circulating tumor cells, and metastasis: The majority of cancer deaths can be attributed to cancer cell metastases that migrate to distant target organs. Thus, there exists an unmet need for early detection, diagnosis, and treatment directed against early stage cancer cell metastasis. Previous studies have reported the development of methods to detect and identify early circulating tumor cells CTCs in the bloodstream prior to their seeding into distant organs.
The genes were parsed into various metastatic-related activities indicating that CTCs sustained a semi-dormancy state bent on: These activities suggested that CTCs might be susceptible to interactions with protein-derived peptide segments whose actions are involved with metastatic activities such as cell invasiveness, contact, adhesion, motility, spreading, and migration.
The use of protein-derived encrypted peptides to impede CTC metabolic activities and disrupt signaling pathways could have therapeutic potential in patients with early metastatic disease. Gastric cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths, despite the gradual decrease of its incidence in the West. A prospective multicenter trial and meta-analyses of sentinel node SN mapping and biopsy for early-stage gastric cancer have demonstrated favorable SN detection rates and accuracy of nodal metastatic status. Although a combination of radioactive colloids with blue dyes as tracers is currently considered as the promising procedure of SN mapping in early-stage gastric cancer, several new technologies, such as indocyanine green fluorescence imaging, may markedly improve its accuracy.
A recently developed full-thickness partial gastrectomy with SN mapping and basin dissection would become a reliable minimally invasive gastrectomy for treating patients with cN0 early-stage gastric cancer. Original Article Open Access New insights into the role of intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity in carcinogenesis: Present cancer hypotheses are almost all based on the concept that accumulation of specific driver gene mutations cause carcinogenesis. The discovery of intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity ITGH , has resulted in this hypothesis being modified by assuming that most of these ITGH mutations are The discovery of intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity ITGH , has resulted in this hypothesis being modified by assuming that most of these ITGH mutations are in passenger genes.
This study proposes to investigate this disconnect by examining the nature and degree of ITGH in breast tumors. ITGH was examined in tumors using next generation sequencing of up to 68, reads and analysis tools that allowed for identification of distinct minority variants within single genes, i. CSGV was identified in the androgen receptor genes in all breast tumors examined. Evidence of CSGV suggests that a selection - as opposed to a mutation - centric hypothesis could better explain carcinogenesis. Our hypothesis proposes that tumors develop by the selection of preexisting de novo mutations rather than just the accumulation of de novo mutations.
Thus, the role of selection pressures, such as changes in tissue microenvironments will likely be critical to our understanding of tumor resistance as well as the development of more effective treatment protocols. Noninvasive and reproducible, liquid biopsy could provide the basis for individualized therapeutic Noninvasive and reproducible, liquid biopsy could provide the basis for individualized therapeutic strategies by identifying genetic and epigenetic aberrations that are closely associated with cancer initiation and progression.
They also play important roles in various physiological and developmental processes as oncogenic or tumor-suppressive regulators. Specific miRNA expression signatures have been identified in a number of human cancers. Circulating miRNAs have been detected in plasma and serum, and this in blood has attracted the attention of researchers for their potential as noninvasive biomarkers.
Circulating miRNAs have emerged as tumor-associated biomarkers that reflect not only the existence of cancer, but also the dynamics, malignant potential, and drug resistance of tumors. Herein, we review the recent biological and clinical research on the circulating miRNAs of gastric cancer and discuss future perspectives for their clinical applications as a liquid biopsy. Gastric cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths, despite the gradual decrease of its incidence in the West.
Minimally invasive procedures, such as endoscopic resection and laparoscopic gastrectomy, have been successfully introduced in European high-volume centres, in the Minimally invasive procedures, such as endoscopic resection and laparoscopic gastrectomy, have been successfully introduced in European high-volume centres, in the treatment of early gastric cancer. Regarding advanced, localized gastric cancer a number of prospective trials have been completed in search of better therapeutic options, aiming to optimize the efficacy vs.
From the results of these prospective randomized trials, the therapeutic strategy has in the last decades shifted emphasis from adjuvant therapy to neoadjuvant or perioperative chemotherapy, in curatively intended treatment. Moreover, recent studies have shown promising results in the use of molecular targeted agents, both in perioperative and palliative settings.
The present review article focuses on recent therapeutic trends, as well as future perspectives, of surgical and oncological gastric cancer treatment in the Western setting, mainly based on landmark clinical trials. To analyze clinical features and survival outcomes of patients with surgically-treated stage IV gastric cancer, in order to evaluate the suitability of surgery in these patients.
Survival outcomes data were collected. The original search returned papers. Thirty-nine studies were included in the final review, of which 26 evaluated liver metastasis resection, four pulmonary metastasis resections and nine palliative gastrectomies. Data regarding resection of lung metastases were scarce and extremely heterogeneous. In total patients underwent palliative gastrectomy and median overall survival of patients was 12 months months.
In the only randomized controlled trial, no survival benefit of additional gastrectomy over chemotherapy alone was found, in contrast with the retrospective studies. Survival benefit of surgery in advanced gastric cancer is still unclear. Surgery may play an important role in highly selected patients. However, further randomized controlled trials are necessary to clarify the actual impact of surgery in these patients.
Case Report Open Access Necrotizing fasciitis as a complication of taxanes: Necrotizing fasciitis is a rare complication of chemotherapy, however, few reports were published as a specific complication of taxanes. We are reporting this rare complication of a lady who was treated with taxanes as an adjuvant therapy for her breast cancer who was referred to us from the We are reporting this rare complication of a lady who was treated with taxanes as an adjuvant therapy for her breast cancer who was referred to us from the medical department and turned out to be necrotizing fasciitis in her right thigh.
We are also presenting the literature review of this type of complication. Circulating tumor cells CTCs have received a lot of attention as a novel biomarker for cancer research in past decades. CTCs infiltrate the bloodstream derived from the primary tumor, and are significantly involved in cancer metastasis and recurrence. Although clinical applications have been Although clinical applications have been challenging owing to the difficulties of CTC identification, recent development of technology for specific enrichment and detection of CTCs contributes to diagnosis and treatment.
Furthermore, CTC analyses will shed new light on the biological mechanisms of cancer progression and metastasis. A number of clinical studies have already been carried out on the basis of CTC technology. Nevertheless, the clinical utility of CTCs is still unknown in gastric cancer. In this review, we elaborate on the latest advances of CTC research in gastric cancer.
Gastric cancer GC remains one of the most common cancers and serious health problems worldwide. For unresectable or metastatic advanced gastric cancer, chemotherapy treatment is first selected. Although chemotherapy has improved survival in patients with advanced gastric cancer AGC , the Although chemotherapy has improved survival in patients with advanced gastric cancer AGC , the prognosis of these patients remains poor. In recent years, some therapies targeting biological molecules have been reported to prolong the survival of patients with AGC.
Since trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody that targets HER2, was established as standard therapy for unresectable GC in a HER2-positive patient, many other targets have been reported as new therapy targets. Furthermore, immunotherapy is expected to be an effective treatment with promising clinical trial data. Moreover, ongoing clinical trials including targeted therapy and immunotherapy have shown promising results in improving clinical outcomes, safety, and tolerability.
In this article, we review targeting therapies and immunotherapies for GC and summarize future prospective treatments. Review Open Access Pancreatic cancer: Pancreatic cancer is one of the most challenging diseases due to its often late diagnose which results in limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis. To date, the only curative treatment is complete tumor removal surgery but only a few patients are eligible to do it. The median survival period after surgery followed by chemotherapy adjuvant treatment is about 2 years.
Since its approval by the FDA, Gemcitabine has become the first-line chemotherapy agent for treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer. A more comprehensive understanding of cancer microenvironment and the chemical communication between cancer cells and immune cells can result in new therapeutic approaches that will improve the elimination of pancreatic cancer cells, enhancing life quality for these patients and increasing the overall survival.
Editorial Open Access Bioconjugate structures vs. Review Open Access Immunotherapy in the treatment of colorectal cancer: In the last few years, the success of anti-PD1 and anti-PDL1 drugs in solid cancers treatment and the advances in molecular biology have provided new potential treatment strategies for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Unfortunately, only patients with mismatch repair deficiency seem to Unfortunately, only patients with mismatch repair deficiency seem to benefit from immunotherapy and they represent a small subset of the metastatic population.
New ongoing studies focus on converting an immune ignorant tumour into an inflamed one by combination therapies and on introducing an immunotherapeutic approach in earlier stages of disease neoadjuvant and adjuvant setting. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about the molecular and immune landscape of colorectal cancer and propose new potential combination strategies to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.
Commentary Open Access Cancer, circulating tumor cells, and metastasis: The majority of cancer deaths can be attributed to cancer cell metastases that migrate to distant target organs. Thus, there exists an unmet need for early detection, diagnosis, and treatment directed against early stage cancer cell metastasis. Previous studies have reported the development of methods to detect and identify early circulating tumor cells CTCs in the bloodstream prior to their seeding into distant organs. The genes were parsed into various metastatic-related activities indicating that CTCs sustained a semi-dormancy state bent on: These activities suggested that CTCs might be susceptible to interactions with protein-derived peptide segments whose actions are involved with metastatic activities such as cell invasiveness, contact, adhesion, motility, spreading, and migration.
The use of protein-derived encrypted peptides to impede CTC metabolic activities and disrupt signaling pathways could have therapeutic potential in patients with early metastatic disease. Several retrospective case series have been published, but the sample cohorts in each study were heterogeneous and small.
Moreover, the absence of prospective studies Moreover, the absence of prospective studies results in a lack of solid evidence that will help determine who can benefit from this procedure. Although the morbidity and mortality of PD have been reported by most studies to be acceptable and that the procedure is feasible, these remained to be much higher than those of standard gastrectomy.
Therefore, careful selection of patients should be considered. Based on a review of previous case series and our own experience, PD appears to be beneficial to patients with gastric cancer with pancreatic invasion when R0 resection is possible. In addition, multidisciplinary treatment such as neoadjuvant chemotherapy, is anticipated to improve survival.
Nevertheless, considering that prospective randomized studies are difficult to perform, a large-scale multicenter retrospective cohort study is required to evaluate this highly invasive procedure. Original Article Open Access Anti-oxidation properties of leaves, skin, pulp, and seeds extracts from green papaya and their anti-cancer activities in breast cancer cells Shrefa A.
Breast cancer is typically detected either during a screening examination or after a woman notices a lump. The objective of the present The anti-oxidation potential of papaya extracts was determined by assessing their total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content and by assaying their anti-oxidation capacity. The effects on breast cancer cells proliferation were determined using a WST-1 assay. The seeds and leaves contained higher anti-oxidation potential than that of the skin and pulp fractions.
Our data indicate that methanol- and ethanol-extracts of papaya leaves, skin, pulp, and seeds have no effect on any of the breast cancer cell lines, whereas water-extract of leaves and seeds caused low to modest cytotoxic effects only on ER-negative breast cancer cell lines. Our data suggest that bioactive compound in papaya leaves can be potentially used to develop anti-cancer agents for ER-negative breast cancer.
The prognosis of metastatic disease of esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma remains poor, despite using a variety of regimens using cytotoxic agents. Recent understanding of molecular characteristic and tumor microenvironment of this cancer is currently instigating new therapeutic options. In this review, we summarized previous evidences of cytotoxic agents widely used worldwide, and updated recent developments of molecular targeted drugs, and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Despite recent progress in diagnostic imaging, gastric cancer GC is occasionally found at an advanced stage with distant metastasis. As metastatic GC is difficult to cure, the treatment strategy should be considered individually based on the physical and socioeconomic status of patients as well As metastatic GC is difficult to cure, the treatment strategy should be considered individually based on the physical and socioeconomic status of patients as well as on the GC symptoms.
The first choice of treatment for metastatic GC is chemotherapy, and several chemotherapeutic regimens for metastatic or recurrent GC have been developed through randomized controlled trials. Ongoing clinical trials will provide novel therapeutic options for patients with metastatic GC in the near future, while individualization of treatment based on detailed molecular information, so-called precision medicine, is eagerly anticipated. In this article, we review recent publications and guidelines focusing on recent progress in the treatment of metastatic GC in Japan.
Gastric cancer with distant metastases, such as para-aortic lymph node metastases, hepatic metastases, and peritoneal dissemination, is classified as stage IV. In this situation, cancer cells have formed micrometastases throughout the body; therefore, according to the algorithm of the Japanese In this situation, cancer cells have formed micrometastases throughout the body; therefore, according to the algorithm of the Japanese guidelines, stage IV cancer is outside the indication for curative resection.
Recent advances in some chemical agents have been remarkable, and some patients have survived for long periods even with stage IV gastric cancer. Thus, even in patients with stage IV gastric cancer, there is a possibility that gastrectomy as conversion surgery could play an important role in the treatment strategy. Gastrectomy as conversion therapy can be safely conducted without perioperative mortality and is considered a sufficiently acceptable treatment strategy.
However, the significance of conversion surgery for stage IV gastric cancer remains controversial. In this review, we summarize the treatment strategies and outcomes of conversion surgery for stage IV gastric cancer. To investigate if the genetic information provided by sequencing of both solid and liquid biopsies can shed light on tumor heterogeneity, and to understand the clinical usefulness of adding blood profiling to standard tissue analysis in cancer care.
Data from patients with stage Data from patients with stage IV solid tumors for whom molecular profiling of their solid and liquid biopsies was available were studied, with a focus on the discrepant molecular information found between tissue and blood samples. Discrepant gene mutations with a functional impact on the corresponding protein were studied in detail. This study suggests that the addition of blood profiling should be considered in routine clinical oncology, especially for patients with metastatic disease where integrated analysis of solid and liquid biopsies provides a more complete characterization of tumor heterogeneity and provides valuable clinical information for patient treatment.
Benado, Gabriel Ragusa, Rose F. Signaling pathways are tightly controlled systems that regulate the appropriate timing of gene expression required for the differentiation of cells down a particular lineage essential for proper tissue development. Proliferation, apoptosis and metabolic pathways are just a few examples of the Proliferation, apoptosis and metabolic pathways are just a few examples of the signaling pathways that require fine-tuning, so as to control the proper development of a particular tissue type or organ system.
The aberrant expression of lncRNAs is therefore linked with a number of chronic diseases including cardiac dysfunction, diabetes, and cancer. In this review, we highlight the specific role lncRNAs have in promoting the metastatic cascade across a number of epithelial cancer models. Incidence rate has been gradually decreasing, but prognosis remains dismal. In a normal prostate, the process of controling cell death is essential to maintain tissue homeostasis and its inhibition may lead to the development of cancer.
Androgen receptor signaling plays pivotal roles in the prostate development and homeostasis as well as in the progression of prostate Androgen receptor signaling plays pivotal roles in the prostate development and homeostasis as well as in the progression of prostate cancer. The main treatment for prostate cancer is a combination of androgen deprivation therapy ADT using anti-androgens and docetaxil administration.
However, ADT eventually fails due to a pathological unbalance of cell death processes, in particular apoptosis and autophagy. As a result prostate tumors may re-grow and progress into the castration resistant stage. The role of autophagy in tumorigenesis is complex and it could be a double-edged sword process, as autophagy defects promote cancer progression in association with various dangerous cellular processes, while functional autophagy enables cancer cell survival under stress and likely contributes to the resistance of treatment. In particular, elucidating the interplay between autophagy and tumor cell metabolism will provide unique opportunities to identify new therapeutic targets and to develop synthetically lethal treatment strategies that preferentially target cancer cells, while sparing normal tissues.
Meta-Analysis Open Access The potential prognostic and predictive roles of programmed cell death protein 1 expressed by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in solid tumors: This study aims to further This study aims to further systematically evaluate the association of PD-1 by TILs with clinicopathological parameters and clinical outcomes in solid tumor patients. A total of patients were selected for in-depth analysis. Bernabe, Carolina Belmar, Maria R. Upper alveolar ridge and hard palate squamous cancer is an infrequent malignancy. We evaluated factors associated with neck involvement and with pstaining.
Head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma SCC patients who went to Head and Neck Department between and were screened, and 73 resected upper alveolar ridge and 5 hard palate SCC were selected. Tumors with available tissue were stained with p16 immunohistochemistry.
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Median age was Neck dissections were performed in 24 and pathologically confirmed node metastases were found in 19 Cervical recurrence was found in 18 patients Neck involvement and recurrence are frequent in this location. Ppositive cases were present in 7. Review Open Access The magnitude of benefit from adding taxanes to anthracyclines in the adjuvant settings of breast cancer: The taxanes family of chemotherapy, which includes paclitaxel and docetaxel, has been incorporated in the adjuvant breast cancer treatments since s.
Sequential and concurrent use of taxanes was investigated with anthracyclines in many adjuvant early breast cancer randomized clinical trials Sequential and concurrent use of taxanes was investigated with anthracyclines in many adjuvant early breast cancer randomized clinical trials. Results from taxanes trials showed inconsistent benefits. However, several meta-analyses showed significant survival benefit of adding taxanes.
In this review article, data were collected and summarized from eleven large randomized trials and three meta-analyses to show and discuss the magnitude of benefit of taxanes-anthracyclines combination compared to anthracyclines only adjuvant regimens in early breast cancer. This article aims at providing the oncologists with a well-organized, inclusive and updated evidence. Neumann, Kevin Levine, Steffi Oesterreich. Review Open Access Pharmacogenomics in colorectal cancer: The treatment scenario of colorectal cancer CRC has been evolving in recent years with the introduction of novel targeted agents and new therapeutic strategies for the metastatic disease.
An extensive effort has been directed to the identification of predictive biomarkers to aid patients An extensive effort has been directed to the identification of predictive biomarkers to aid patients selection and guide therapeutic choices. Pharmacogenomics represents an irreplaceable tool to individualize patients treatment based on germline and tumor acquired somatic genetic variations able to predict drugs response and risk of toxicities.
The growing knowledge of CRC molecular characteristics and complex genomic makeup has played a crucial role in identifying predictive pharmacogenomic biomarkers, while supporting the rationale for the development of new drugs and treatment combinations. Clinical validation of promising biomarkers, however, is often an issue. More recently, a deeper understanding of resistance mechanisms and tumor escape dynamics under treatment pressure and the availability of novel technologies are opening new perspectives in this field. This review aims to present an overview of current pharmacogenomic biomarkers and future perspectives of pharmacogenomics in CRC, in an evolving scenario moving from a single drug-gene interactions approach to a more comprehensive genome-wide approach, comprising genomics and epigenetics.
Review Open Access Current challenges and opportunities in treating hypoxic prostate tumors Declan J. Hypoxia is a well-established characteristic of prostate tumors and is now recognised as a major contributory factor to both tumor progression and increased resistance to therapy. One strategy to target hypoxic tumor cells is the development of hypoxia-activated prodrugs HAPs , which are One strategy to target hypoxic tumor cells is the development of hypoxia-activated prodrugs HAPs , which are activated in low oxygen environments.
Several HAPs have been developed but despite encouraging results from preclinical studies many of these have performed disappointingly in clinical trials. In the developing era of precision medicine, it is clear that more strategic deployment of these agents is required, based on reliable methods that can identify patients who will benefit from HAP treatment, either alone or in combination with other drugs. This review discusses the primary limitations of using HAPs to treat hypoxic tumors and explains how these challenges can be addressed. In particular, it emphasises the importance of tumor imaging and identification of reliable biomarkers for measuring hypoxia and monitoring cellular response to treatment in individual patients.
Developing predictive assays for clinical use will be paramount in demonstrating the patient impact and effectiveness of HAPs for personalised medicine. Tumor tissues contain cancer cells, other cellular and non-cellular components. Tumor microenvironments consist of cancer cells and various types of stromal cells, cancer associated fibroblasts, bone marrow-derived cells, endothelial cells, and hematopoietic cells, mainly tumor-associated Tumor microenvironments consist of cancer cells and various types of stromal cells, cancer associated fibroblasts, bone marrow-derived cells, endothelial cells, and hematopoietic cells, mainly tumor-associated macrophages and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.
Increasing recent evidence has demonstrated that alteration of tumor microenvironments is deeply implicated in tumor progression and metastasis in gastric cancer GC patients. Recent investigations have provided insights into the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between tumor cells and tumor microenvironments. Interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment with cytokines and microRNA in extracellular vesicles, such as the exosome, can have a substantial impact on tumor characteristics. Alterations in the tumor microenvironment may play a crucial role in facilitating the progression of tumor cells and metastasis, as well as the activation of cell signaling pathways, which are associated with GC cell proliferation and invasion by genetic or epigenetic alterations.
In this review, significant molecular insights into the tumor microenvironment, which consist of cancer associated fibroblasts, bone marrow-derived cells, tumor-associated macrophages and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; the interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment; and the clinical impacts of alterations of GC microenvironments will be discussed. Gastric cancer GC is a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.
The existence of cancer stem cells CSCs is known to be the main reason for resistance to anticancer agents as well as for the development of distant metastases. Although CSCs themselves harbor self-renewal and Although CSCs themselves harbor self-renewal and differentiation abilities, the tumor microenvironment that surrounds CSCs provides secreted factors and supports angiogenesis and is thus responsible for the maintenance of their CSC properties.
The current review provides information regarding the impact of the tumor microenvironment on gastric CSCs, which will support the development of novel therapeutic strategies for targeting gastric CSCs. Review Open Access Significance of peritoneal lavage cytology based on genetic signatures in gastric cancer Tasuku Matsuoka, Masakazu Yashiro. Peritoneal metastasis is the most common pattern of recurrence and the most frequent cause of death after surgery in patients with gastric cancer. Peritoneal free cancer cells disseminated from the primary lesion site have been considered the main cause of peritoneal metastasis.
Peritoneal lavage cytological examination PLC has been shown to be an independent predictor of gastric cancer relapse after curative resection and poor overall survival. However, the conventional cytological examinations have high rates of false-positive and false-negative findings. To improve the sensitivity, molecular-based methods using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction have been developed for detecting cancer cells in peritoneal wash fluids of patients with gastric cancer.
Relevant articles were reviewed and data on available outcomes elaborated. The clinical roles and attributes of PLC in gastric cancer were reviewed, and its future application to this disease is discussed. Review Open Access Gastric cancer: Gastric cancer is an aggressive malignancy that may metastasize through the bloodstream to the liver, through lymphatics to regional lymph nodes, or by penetration of the peritoneal lining of the stomach to result in seeding of the abdominal and pelvis surfaces.
Peritoneal metastases are the most Peritoneal metastases are the most common mode of cancer dissemination. Technologies to prevent or treat peritoneal metastases from advanced gastric cancer are presented in this manuscript. Over one dozen randomized controlled trials to test perioperative chemotherapy for prevention of peritoneal metastases were reviewed. All of the trials performed with regional chemotherapy during or shortly after gastrectomy were positive.
The clinical data regarding the treatment of peritoneal metastases diagnosed at the time of primary cancer resection or in follow-up were reviewed. Neoadjuvant intraperitoneal and systemic chemotherapy shows that some long-term survivors occur after these treatments were combined with cytoreductive surgery and gastrectomy. Similar treatments are advocated for primary gastric cancer with cytology positive for gastric cancer but no visible implants. Surgery for gastric cancer should be combined with perioperative systemic and regional chemotherapy in order to maximally benefit patients with this disease by reducing the negative impact of peritoneal metastases on survival.
Original Article Open Access Gastric cancer treated with pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy: Gastric cancer is the cancer with the highest rate of peritoneal metastization and this type of spread is associated with a higher death rate compared to distant organ metastasis. The systemic chemotherapy has a minimal effect in peritoneal metastasis so new types of treatment have emerged The systemic chemotherapy has a minimal effect in peritoneal metastasis so new types of treatment have emerged.
The authors revised the main studies done in pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy PIPAC and presented the main conclusions. The MeSH database was searched with the terms: Seven studies were analyzed. All the studies performed the technique with aerosol of doxorubicin and cisplatin. All cases were well tolerated, with minor adverse effects. Patients presented resolution of their abdominal symptoms and regression of macroscopic carcinomatosis.
Cytoreductive surgery or hypertermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy could be performed in some patients with good response to PIPAC. The peritonitis caused by the chemotherapy was well tolerated. PIPAC can induce remission in end-stage and resistant disease with acceptable side effects, good safety levels for patients and health professionals, and quality of life improvement. Review Open Access Bacteria in cancer therapy: Currently, conventional therapies in cancer are improving; chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery have increased survival significantly.
New therapies have arisen with the same goal; immunotherapy has appeared as a promising option in the fight against cancer stimulating the immune system by New therapies have arisen with the same goal; immunotherapy has appeared as a promising option in the fight against cancer stimulating the immune system by inducing innate and adaptive responses. These responses include release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, making the immune system capable to eliminate or protect against multiple tumors.
Nowadays, many of these therapies are being used in clinical settings, such as checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal anti cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte associated protein 4 CTL-4 and programmed death protein 1 PD1 , with inspiring results; however, they may decrease immunotolerance, limiting their use. At the same time, chemotherapy works by passive transport across the cell membrane, limiting its capacity to penetrate in tumor cells.
For these reasons, bacteria employment represents one of the best candidates for cancer treatment. They can surpass these barriers with their selective colonization which also has an oncolytic effect by increasing proliferation and immunostimulation in the tumor environment. Attenuated strains, such as Mycobacterium bovis, Clostridium, Salmonella typhimirium and Listeria monocytogenes have been studied showing promising results in experimental models.
However, their application in clinical trials has shown the need to maximize their therapeutic effect. Genetic engineering and synthetic biology are necessary to prove the scope that this novel approach has against cancer due to implications of cancer therapy and public health. Case Report Open Access Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor liver metastasis in a patient with previously diagnosed pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma has an usually poor prognosis despite multimodal approaches and sequential chemotherapy.
The authors present a case of a long-term survivor with stage III pancreatic adenocarcinoma achieving partial response after a multimodal approach including local and The authors present a case of a long-term survivor with stage III pancreatic adenocarcinoma achieving partial response after a multimodal approach including local and systemic treatments.
However, three years after diagnosis and amidst several episodes of cholangitis, hepatic metastasis were suspected. Despite pancreatic adenocarcinoma being the obvious culprit for metastization, a hepatic biopsy was considered at that time given a stable primary disease and presenting three years since the initial diagnosis. At this point, a biopsy could have specific diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications and after it was performed, an unexpected diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor was made.
Therefore, we urge clinicians to consider hepatic biopsy in similar cases - generally when it may change prognosis and treatment strategies - and perform histological confirmation of metastatic disease whenever feasible, even if the answer may seem obvious at first impression. Review Open Access A primer on recent developments in cancer immunotherapy, with a focus on neoantigen vaccines Taku A.
Cancer immunotherapy has now been conclusively shown to be capable of producing durable responses for a substantial number of patients. Adoptive cell transfer and checkpoint blockade therapies in particular both demonstrate that antigen-specific immune responses can be dramatically effective, Adoptive cell transfer and checkpoint blockade therapies in particular both demonstrate that antigen-specific immune responses can be dramatically effective, even in previously refractory late stage disease. Such developments, together with advances in technology, have strongly encouraged revisiting the concept of neoantigen vaccines.
Here we introduce basic ideas in the field to allow investigators from diverse backgrounds to understand these developments, grasp current issues, and contribute to further progress. Original Article Open Access Impact of previous anti-angiogenesis treatment in nivolumab-treated advanced non-small cell lung cancer Takefumi Komiya, Chao H.
Huang, Prakash Neupane, Stephen K. To investigate how previous systemic therapy such as anti-angiogenesis can influence cancer immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer NSCLC. A total of patients with advanced NSCLC who were treated with nivolumab were retrospectively reviewed. Correlation between status of Correlation between status of prior anti-angiogenesis treatment and clinical characteristics were determined. Impact of prior anti-angiogenesis on therapeutic outcome of nivolumab was investigated for tumor efficacy such as progression-free survival PFS.
Sixteen patients were treated with at least one anti-angiogenesis agent prior to nivolumab. The prior use of anti-angiogenesis agent was associated with stage IV disease, non-squamous histology, and two or more lines of systemic therapy. Median PFS was significantly shorter in the prior anti-angiogenesis group than in no prior anti-angiogenesis group 8. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that only prior anti-angiogenesis status was associated with worse PFS. This retrospective study suggests that prior anti-angiogenesis treatment negatively impacts the therapeutic outcome of immunotherapy in advanced NSCLC.
Minireview Open Access Treatment of liver metastases in patients selected for cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis Antonio Sommariva. Cytoreductive surgery CS and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy HIPEC have gained increasing consensus in treatment of peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer.
Relevant studies on this topic were identified through a search in the electronic PubMed database, using the appropriate keywords. Patients should be selected in high volume tertiary centres, preferably in the context of a prospective trial. Open Access Androgen-AR axis in primary and metastatic prostate cancer: Androgens play an important role in prostate cancer PCa development and progression. Although androgen deprivation therapy remains the front-line treatment for advanced prostate cancer, patients eventually relapse with the lethal form of the disease.
The prostate tumor microenvironment is The prostate tumor microenvironment is characterised by elevated tissue androgens that are capable of activating the androgen receptor AR. Inhibiting the steroidogenic enzymes that play vital roles in the biosynthesis of testosterone T and dihydrotestosterone DHT seems to be an attractive strategy for PCa therapies.
Emerging data suggest a role for the enzymes mediating pre-receptor control of T and DHT biosynthesis by alternative pathways in controlling intratumoral androgen levels, and thereby influencing PCa progression. This supports the idea for the development of multi-targeting strategies, involving both dual and multiple inhibitors of androgen-metabolising enzymes that are able to affect androgen synthesis and signalling at different points in the biosynthesis.
We will review also the AR as an additional target for the design of bifunctional drugs. Targeting intracrine androgens and AKR1C3 have potential to overcome enzalutamide and abiraterone resistance and improve survival of advanced prostate cancer patients. Open Access Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases: The membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases MT-MMPs , an important subgroup of the wider MMP family, demonstrate widespread expression in multiple tumor types, and play key roles in cancer growth, migration, invasion and metastasis.
Despite a large body of published research, relatively little Despite a large body of published research, relatively little information exists regarding evidence for MT-MMP expression and function in metastatic prostate cancer. This review provides an appraisal of the literature describing gene and protein expression in prostate cancer cells and clinical tissue, summarises the evidence for roles in prostate cancer progression, and examines the data relating to MT-MMP function in the development of bone metastases.
Open Access Tumor heterogeneity and therapy resistance - implications for future treatments of prostate cancer Fiona M. Noble, Sandra Klein, Hannah F. To develop new therapies for prostate cancer, disease heterogeneity must be addressed. This includes patient variation, multi-focal disease, cellular heterogeneity, genomic changes and epigenetic modification. This requires more representative models to be used in more innovative ways This requires more representative models to be used in more innovative ways.
This study used a panel of cell lines and primary prostate epithelial cell cultures derived from patient tissue. Ptychographic quantitative phase imaging QPI , a label-free imaging technique, combined with Cell Analysis Toolbox software, was implemented to carry out real-time analysis of cells and to retrieve morphological, kinetic and population data. A combination of radiation and Vorinostat may be more effective than radiation alone. Primary prostate cancer stem-like cells are more resistant to etoposide than more differentiated cells. Analysis of QPI images showed that cell lines and primary cells differ in their size, motility and proliferation rate.
A QPI signature was developed in order to identify two subpopulations of cells within a heterogeneous primary culture. Use of primary prostate epithelial cultures allows assessment of therapies whilst taking into account cellular heterogeneity. Analysis of rare cell populations and embracing novel techniques may ultimately lead to identifying and overcoming treatment resistance.
Open Access Prostate cancer exosomes as modulators of the tumor microenvironment Alex P. Researchers are currently trying to understand why some men with prostate cancer go on to develop aggressive disease whilst others maintain slow growing tumors. Although endogenous genetic anomalies within the tumor cell are important, the prevailing view is that the tissue microenvironment as a Although endogenous genetic anomalies within the tumor cell are important, the prevailing view is that the tissue microenvironment as a whole is the determinant factor.
Many studies have focussed on the role of soluble factors in modulating the nature of the tumor microenvironment. There is however a growing interest in the role of extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, as regulators of disease progression. A variety of resident cells, as well as infiltrating cells, all contribute to a heterogeneous population of exosomes within the tumor microenvironment. Studies focussing on the role of exosomes in prostate cancer are however relatively rare. In this review, evidence from various cancers, including prostate, is used to present numerous potential roles of exosomes in prostate cancer.
Whilst further validation of some functions may remain necessary it is clear that exosomes play a major role in intercellular communication between various cell types within the tumor microenvironment and are necessary for driving disease progression. It is now well established that the tumor microenvironment plays an essential role in the survival, growth, invasion, and spread of cancer through the regulation of angiogenesis and localized immune responses. This review examines the role of the HOX genes, which encode a family of This review examines the role of the HOX genes, which encode a family of homeodomain-containing transcription factors, in the interaction between prostate tumors and their microenvironment.
Previous studies have established that HOX genes have an important function in prostate cancer cell survival in vitro and in vivo, but there is also evidence that HOX proteins regulate the expression of genes in the cancer cell that influence the tumor microenvironment, and that cells in the microenvironment likewise express HOX genes that confer a tumor-supportive function. Here we provide an overview of these studies that, taken together, indicate that the HOX genes help mediate cross talk between prostate tumors and their microenvironment Back.
Open Access Getting better at treating prostate cancer: If the treatment landscape for prostate cancer is to be transformed, clinicians and scientists must work together ever more closely. This commentary is aimed at stimulating debate about how we as clinicians and scientists can assist one another and improve our knowledge to the benefit of patients dying from metastatic disease.
Open Access Getting closer to prostate cancer in patients - what scientists should want from clinicians Norman J. For scientists pursuing drug development for prostate cancer, it is critical that an appropriate ex vivo or in vitro model system is available for study. Cancer research has generally consisted of: As the knowledge of the biological nature of the cancer cell improves, it has become increasingly apparent that such a simplistic attitude to cancer therapy development or indeed diagnosis is rapidly outdated, and a closer liaison between the clinic and the laboratory studies is more important than ever as the author seeks to target specific gene expression pathways, specific signaling pathways, cancer specific mutations and indeed the interactions between cancer cells and their micro-environment, all of which provide a tremendous potential for novel therapeutic development.
Cancer Immunotherapy Open Access Cancer immunotherapy: The knowledge that the body possesses natural defenses to combat cancer existed long before the modern period, with multiple anecdotal reports of tumors miraculously disappearing, sometimes spontaneously or after a febrile or infectious episode. Spontaneous tumor regression of untreated malignant Spontaneous tumor regression of untreated malignant tumors is currently a well-accepted albeit rare phenomenon, and it is recognized that immunosuppression is associated with a higher cancer risk.
Effective immunity against cancer involves complex interactions between the tumor, the host, and the environment. The different types of cancer immunotherapies discussed here include biologic modifiers, such as cytokines and vaccines, adoptive cell therapies, oncolytic viruses, and antibodies against immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as the co-inhibitory T-cell receptor PD-1 and one of its ligands, programmed death-ligand 1. Hepatocellular carcinoma HCC is the most common primary liver cancer. Most of the time, these tumors are diagnosed at late stages. Because no effective treatments exist for patients with advanced stage HCC, there is an urgent need for novel, effective treatments.
Cancer cells originate as a Cancer cells originate as a consequence of abnormal expression of oncogenes or loss of tumor suppressor genes. Often, neoplastic transformation results in a hyper-mutated cellular genome, which in turn produces neo-antigens from mutated genes. These tumor-specific or tumor-associated antigens can be recognized by antigen-presenting cells and trigger T-lymphocytes to elicit anticancer immunity. Immune responses to cancers are often rendered ineffective by tumor immune-editing and immune-suppressive mechanisms. Yet, therapeutic strategies to stimulate anti-cancer immunity have had remarkable success in several solid and hematological malignancies.
Among the various strategies for cancer immunotherapy, cell-mediated immunotherapy holds considerable promise to overcome anergy and systemic immune suppression. This brief review will focus on cell-mediated immunotherapy for HCC. Uveal eye melanoma is the most common primary eye malignancy in adults.
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Once hepatic metastasis develops, the survival of patients is generally short and Once hepatic metastasis develops, the survival of patients is generally short and currently available treatments fail to show meaningful improvement of survival. Recent development of immune checkpoint blockades revolutionized immunotherapy for metastatic cutaneous skin melanoma. Unfortunately, metastatic uveal melanoma is unresponsive to this approach, thus there is an unmet need to improve the treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma.
One unique characteristic of uveal melanoma is that the majority of metastases first develop in the liver. The liver is highly specialized in development of immune tolerance to food-derived antigens and consequently serves a unique function in the immune system. Understanding the mechanisms by which the liver orchestrates immune-related responses is important to the development of an effective immunotherapy for hepatic metastases such as metastatic uveal melanoma.
In this review article, the authors overview the immunological aspects of the liver and discuss approaches to improve immunotherapy for metastatic uveal melanoma. Hyperthermia is a type of medical modality for cancer treatment using the biological effect of artificially induced heat. Even though the intrinsic effects of elevated body temperature in cancer tissues are poorly understood, increasing the temperature of the body has been recognized as a popular Even though the intrinsic effects of elevated body temperature in cancer tissues are poorly understood, increasing the temperature of the body has been recognized as a popular therapeutic method for tumorous lesions as well as infectious diseases since ancient times.
Recently accumulated evidence has shown that hyperthermia amplifies immune responses in the body against cancer while decreasing the immune suppression and immune escape of cancer. It also shows that hyperthermia inhibits the repair of damaged cancer cells after chemotherapy or radiotherapy. These perceptions indicate that hyperthermia has potential for cancer therapy in conjunction with immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery.
Paradoxically, the anticancer effect of hyperthermia alone has not yet been adequately exploited because deep heating techniques and devices to aggregate heat effects only in cancer tissues are difficult in practical terms. This review article focuses on the current understanding concerning cancer immunity and involvement of hyperthermia and the innate and adoptive immune system.
The potential for combination therapy with hyperthermia and chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery is also discussed. The objective of this study was to examine the health-related quality of life HRQOL , and its correlates among rectal cancer survivors in northwest of Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted in northwest of Iran. Rectal cancer survivors were selected from teaching hospitals Rectal cancer survivors were selected from teaching hospitals. Information about socio-demographic, lifestyle and clinical features of disease was obtained by trained interviewers.
A total of 96 patients were included in this study with mean age of The field of circulating tumor cell CTC enrichment has seen many emerging technologies in recent years, which have resulted in the identification and monitoring of clinically relevant, CTC-based biomarkers that can be analyzed routinely without invasive procedures.
Several molecular platforms have been used to investigate the molecular profile of the disease, from high throughput gene expression analyses down to single cell biological dissection. The established presence of CTC heterogeneity nevertheless constitutes a challenge for cell isolation as the several subpopulations can potentially display different molecular characteristics; in this scenario, careful consideration must be given to the isolation approach, whereas methods that discriminate against certain subpopulations may result in the exclusion of CTCs that carry biological relevance.
In the context of prostate cancer, CTC molecular interrogation can enable longitudinal monitoring of key biological features during treatment with substantial clinical impact, as several biomarkers could predict tumor response to AR signaling inhibitors abiraterone, enzalutamide or standard chemotherapy taxanes. Thus, CTCs represent a valuable opportunity to personalize medicine in current clinical practice. Original Article Open Access Malignant field expression signatures in biopsy samples at diagnosis predict the likelihood of lethal disease in patients with localized prostate cancer Gennadi V.
Overtreatment of early-stage low-risk prostate cancer patients represents a significant problem in disease management and has significant socio-economic implications. Changes in prostate cancer screening and treatment practices in the United States have been associated with the recent Changes in prostate cancer screening and treatment practices in the United States have been associated with the recent decline in overall incidence and concomitant significant increase of the annual incidence of metastatic prostate cancer has been documented.
Therefore, development of genetic and molecular markers of clinically significant disease in patients diagnosed with low grade localized prostate cancer would have a major impact in disease management. Identification of gene expression signatures GES associated with lethal prostate cancer has been performed using microarray analyses of biopsy specimens obtained at the time of diagnosis from patients with Gleason 6 G6 and G7 tumors in a Swedish watchful waiting cohort with up to 30 years follow-up. Classification performance of the reported in this study genes GES of lethal prostate cancer appeared suitable to meet design and feasibility requirements of a prospective 4 to 6 years clinical trial, which is essential for regulatory approval of diagnostic and prognostic tests in clinical setting.
Prospectively validated GES of lethal PC in biopsy specimens of G6 and G7 tumors will help physicians to identify, at the time of diagnosis, patients who should be considered for exclusion from active surveillance programs and who would most likely benefit from immediate curative interventions. To study the impact of Helicobacter pylori H. GC specimens were randomly collected from 42 patients, of whom 15 had H.
Tumor RNA was extracted for reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction quantification of gene expression.