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Table of contents

Those held above, the ones below maintain, Circle 'neath circle downward draws in vain Whilst free in air disports the oscillating chain. The poet Claudian A. Augustine Abbot Neckam, the Augustinian , distinguishes between the properties of the two ends of the lodestone, and gives in his De Uten- silibus, what is perhaps the earliest reference to.

The authors of these learned works were too busy with the pen to find time to devote to the close and prolonged study of natural phenomena. But this was not the case with such contem- poraries of theirs as Roger Bacon, the Francis- can, and his Gallic friend, Pierre de Maricourt,. He owes his surname to. In we find him in the engineering corps of the French army then besieging Lucera, in Southern Italy, which had revolted from the auth- ority of French master, Charles of Anjou.

To its. Peregrinus was assigned the work of fortifying the camp and laying mines as well as of con-. It was in the midst of such warlike preoccu- pations that the idea seems to have occurred to him of devising a piece of mechanism to keep the astronomical sphere of Archimedes in uni- form rotation for a definite time. Elated over his imaginary success, Peregrinus hastened to inform a friend of his at home and ;. It is a fortunate circumstance that this Picard friend of his was not a man learned in the sci-.

13th-century mathematicians

This of 3, words is the first great land- letter. The letter was addressed from the trenches atLucera, Southern Italy, in August, i ,10 Sige- rus de Foucaucourt, his "amicorum intimus," the dearest of friends. Therefore, what others grope after blindly, as bats in the evening twilight, this man contemplates in all their brilliancy because he is a master of experiment. Hence, he knows all natural science whether pertaining to medicine and alchemy, or to matters celestial and terres- trial. He has worked diligently in the smelting of ores as also in the working of minerals he is ;.

It is impossible to write a useful or correct treatise in experimental. Moreover, he pursues knowledge for its own sake; for if he wished to obtain royal favor, he could.

The letter of Petrus Peregrinus on the magnet, A.D. | Open Library

Peregrinus was a hard worker, nor a mere theorizer, preferring, Procrustean- like, to make theory fit the facts rather than facts the theory; he was a brilliant discoverer who knew at the same time how to use his discoveries for the benefit of mankind ; he was a pioneer of science and a leader in the progress of the world. This rapid summary will serve to show that the letter of Peregrinus is one of great interest in physics as well as in navigation and geodesy. For nearly three lay unnoticed among centuries, it.

Magnetica, , and Kircher, who quotes from itin his De Arte Magnetica, it was well ;. By this piece of fraud, Taisnier acquired considerable celebrity, a fact that goes to show the meritorious char- acter of the work which he unscrupulously copied. There are many manuscript copies of the let- ter in European libraries : the Bodleian has six ;. Geneva and Turin, one each. The Leyden MS.

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Wenckebach, of The Hague, has shown' that the having been in- lines are spurious,. The Leyden manuscript has also led some writers to believe in a fictitious author of the let-. As said above, Sigerus was the name of his country- man, to whom Peregrinus addressed his letter, 1 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata, Magnetic declination was unknown to Pere- grinus, else he would not have written the follow- " Wherever a man ing words : may be, he finds the lodestone pointing to the heavens in accord- " ance with the position of the meridian Chapter X.


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Of course, the geographical meridian is the one here meant, as the necessity of a distinct magnetic meridian had not yet occurred to any one. Nor was this important magnetic element known to Columbus when he sailed from the shores of the Old World in as appears from the surprise with which he noticed the deviation of the needle from North as well as from the consternation of his pilots.

Columbus has the unquestionable merit of being the first to observe and record the change of declination with change of place. The work was printed in Augsburg in A copy of this early print is among the treasures of the Wheeler collection in the library of the Ameri- can Institute of Electrical Engineers, New York. It was from this text that the translation which follows was made. Bertelli's is a learned and ex-. It appeared in the Bulletino di Eibliografia e di Storia delle Science. Matematiche e Fisiche for Of translations, we have that which Richard Eden made from Taisnier's pirated extracts, the first dated edition appearing in Cavallo's Treatise on Magnetism, , also contains some of the more remarkable passages.

Silvanus P. Thompson, of London. It is an edition deluxe. The translation was based on the texts of Gasser and Hellmann, amended by reference to a man- uscript in the author's possession, dated We are informed that Mr. Fleury P. Peirce, of Harvard, of the Paris codex, of which he made a careful study in an endeavor to. A T your earnest request, I will now make known to you, in an unpolished narrative, the undoubted though hidden virtue of the lode- stone, concerningwhich philosophers up to the present time give us no information, because it.

Out of affection for you, will write in a simple style about things I. Nevertheless I will speak only of the manifest properties of the lodestone, because this tract will form part of a work on the construction of phil- osophical instruments.


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Although I may call the matters into existence. But the things that are hidden from the multitude will become clear to astrologers and students of nature, and will constitute their delight, as they will also be of great help to those that are old and more learned. YOU must know, my dear friend, that ever wishes to experiment, should be ac- who-. He must also be skilful in manipulation in order that, by means of this stone, he may pro- duce these marvelous effects. Besides, in such occult experimentation, great skill is re-.

Its color should be iron-. Such stones are found most fre- quently in northern countries, as is attested by sailors who frequent places on the northern seas, notably in Normandy, Flanders and Picardy. On account of uniformity in its compo- sitionand the compactness of its innermost parts, such a stone is heavy and therefore more valua- ble. Its strength is known by its vigorous at- traction for a large mass of iron further on I ;.

WISH to inform you that this stone bears in I itself the likeness of the heavens, as I will now clearly demonstrate. There are in the heav- ens two points more important than all others, because on them, as on pivots, the celestial sphere revolves these points are called, one the arctic :. If you are very careful, you can discover these two. One method for doing so the following is With an instrument with :.


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A needle or an elongated piece of iron is then placed on top of the lodestone and a line is drawn in the direction of the needle or iron, thus dividing the stone into two equal parts. The needle is next placed on another part of the stone and a second median line drawn. If de-. One of these is the north pole, the other the south pole. Proof of this will be found in a subsequent chapter of this tract. In order to determine this point exactly, break off a small piece of the needle or iron so as to obtain a frag- ment about the length of two fingernails then ;. If the fragment stands perpendicular to the stone, then that is,.

If all this has been done rightly, and if the stone homogeneous throughout and a is. The second vessel should be of considerable size so that the first may resemble a ship floating in a river or on the sea. I insist. When the stone has been thus placed, it will turn the dish round until the north pole lies in the direction of the north pole of the heavens, and the south pole of the stone. Even if the stone be moved thousand times away from a its position, it will return thereto a thousand.

Since the north and southparts of the heavens are known, these same points will then be easily recognized in the stone because each part of the lodestone will turn to the corresponding one of the heavens. Should you wish to see how one lode- stone attracts another, then, with two lodestones selected and prepared asmentioned in the pre- ceding chapter, proceed as follows Place one :.

Taking the other stone in your hand, approach its north pole to the south pole of the lodestone floating in the vessel ; the latter will follow the stone in your hand longing to cling to it. Know then that this is the law the north :.

The Magnetic letters show: E1S1

Should you proceed otherwise and bring the north pole of one near the north pole of another, the one you hold in your hand will seem to put the floating one to flight. If the south pole of one is brought near the south pole of another, the same will happen. This is because the north pole of one seeks the south pole of the other, and therefore repels the north pole. A proof of this is that finally the north pole becomes united. Likewise if the south pole is stretched out towards the south pole of the floating lodestone, you will observe the latter to.

Hence the silliness of certain persons is. IT experiment, that when an elongated piece of iron has touched a lodestone and is then fas-. A proof of this will be furnished in a following chapter. The other end of the iron will point in an opposite direction. But as to which end of the iron will turn towards the north and which to the south, you will observe which has touched the that that part of the iron south pole of the lodestone will point to the north and conversely, that part which had been in con- with the north pole will turn to the south.

Though this appears marvelous to the uniniti- ated, yet it is known with certainty to those who have tried the experiment. Mark the north end of the iron and towards thisend approach the south pole of the stone, when it will be found to follow the latter. Or, on the contrary, to the south part of the iron. Should you, however, do the opposite, namely, if you bring the north end of the stone towards the north pole of the iron, you will notice the iron turn round until its south pole unites with the north end of the lodestone.

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The same thing will occur when the south end of the lodestone is brought near the south pole of the iron. Should force be exerted at either pole, so that when the south pole of the iron is made touch the south end of the stone, then the virtue in the iron will be easily altered in such a manner that what was before the south end will now become the north and conversely.

The cause is.