Manual The First Crusade: A New History

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In , Pope Urban II delivered an electrifying speech that launched the First Crusade. In the largest mobilization since the fall of the Roman Empire, some , men took up the call, driven on by intense religious devotion, convinced that.
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Asbridge is well aware of the difficulties of the sources for Byzantine-Crusader relations, and the notes to this chapter will help any student new to the subject.

An unknown error has occurred. Please click the button below to reload the page. If the problem persists, please try again in a little while. A New History". Read preview. Bunt University of North Carolina Press, Read preview Overview. Common types of primary sources include works of literature, historical documents, original philosophical writings, and religious texts. Warner By Buckley, Thomas E.

National Catholic Reporter, Vol. It would be a fine propaganda coup to get it back again. Although well-fortified and too big to fully encircle, Antioch was indeed the next big crusader capture on 3 June CE after an arduous 8-month siege where the attackers themselves came under siege from a Muslim force from Mosul. The Crusaders also suffered from plague, famine, and desertions.

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Unfortunately for Alexios, on his way to support the siege of the city he had met refugees from the area who wrongly informed him that the Crusaders were on the brink of defeat to a huge Muslim army and so the emperor returned home. Bohemund was not best pleased to find out his army had been abandoned by the Byzantines, even if he did capture the city anyway and defeat a relief force.

The relations were thus irrevocably soured between the two leaders. In December CE the crusader army marched onwards to Jerusalem, capturing several Syrian port cities on their way. They arrived, finally, at their ultimate destination on 7 June CE. Of the vast army that had left Europe there were now only around 1, knights and some 12, infantry to achieve what was supposed to be the primary goal of the Crusade. Protected by massive walls and a combination of moat and precipices, Jerusalem was going to be a tough military nut to crack.

Fortunately, a number of Genoese ships arrived at just the right moment with timber, which was used to make two siege towers, catapults, and a battering ram. Despite these weapons, the defenders resisted the siege, although the Muslim garrison was remarkably reluctant to break out and make raids on the besiegers, perhaps being content to sit and await the promised relief from Egypt.

Then, in mid-July, Godfrey of Bouillon decided to attack what he thought looked like a weaker section of the wall. Setting up their siege tower under the cover of darkness and filling a portion of the moat, the Crusaders managed to get in touching distance of the walls.

THE FIRST CRUSADE: A New History

With Godfrey leading from the front, the attackers scaled the defences and found themselves inside the city on 15 July CE. A mass slaughter of Muslims and Jews followed, although figures of 10, or even 75, killed are very likely an exaggeration. Within a month, a large Egyptian army arrived to take back the city, but they were defeated at Ascalon.

For some historians, Ascalon marks the end of the First Crusade. Having accomplished their mission, many crusaders now returned to Europe, some with riches, a few with holy relics, but most rather worse for wear after years of hard battles and scant reward. A fresh wave of crusaders, though, arrived in Constantinople in CE, and they were organised by Raymond of Toulouse. Ominously, though, for future crusades, the Muslims were becoming more familiar with western battle tactics and weapons.

Things were only going to get more difficult for western armies over the next two centuries of warfare. Meanwhile, Alexios had not given up on Antioch, and he sent a force to attack the city or at the very least isolate it from the surrounding Crusader-held territories. Their treacherous emperor and wayward church had to be eliminated, and so an invasion of Byzantium , the precise location being Albania, was launched in CE.

It failed, largely because Alexios mobilised his best forces to meet them, and the Pope abandoned his support of the campaign. Thus, the pattern was set for a carving up of captured territories. The First Crusade was successful in that Jerusalem was recaptured, but to ensure the Holy City stayed in Christian hands, it was necessary that various western settlements were established in the Levant collectively known as the Crusader States , the Latin East or Outremer.

Orders of knights were created, too, for their better defence.


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Clearly, a steady supply of new crusaders would be needed in the coming decades and a wave of taxes to fund them. Initially, there were massacres of local populations, but the westerners soon realised that to hold on to their gains they needed the support of the extraordinarily diverse local populations. Consequently, there grew a toleration of non-Christian religions, albeit with some restrictions.


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    7. There would be eight official crusades and several other unofficial ones throughout the 12th and 13th centuries CE, which all met with more failure than success. There were unforeseen or negative consequences to the First Crusade, notably the rupture in western-Byzantine relations and the Byzantines horror at unruly groups of warriors causing havoc in their territory.

    Outbreaks of fighting between crusaders and Byzantine forces were common, and the mistrust and suspicion of their intentions grew.

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    It was a troublesome relationship that only got worse, and the ill-feeling and mutual distrust between east and west would rumble on and culminate in the sacking of Constantinople in CE. Crusader groups, usually not knights but the urban poor, took the opportunity of Christian fervour to attack minority groups, especially Jews in northern France and the Rhineland.

    HISTORY - The First Crusade - Thomas Asbridge

    The crusading movement also spread to Spain where, in the second and third decades of the 12th century CE, attacks were made against the Moors there. Prussia, the Baltic, North Africa , and Poland, amongst many other places, would also witness crusading armies up to the 16th century CE as the crusading ideal, despite the dubious military successes, continued to appeal to leaders, soldiers, and ordinary people in the west, and its target widened to include not only Muslims but also pagans, schismatics, and heretics.

    Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization. Cartwright, M. First Crusade. Ancient History Encyclopedia.

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    Cartwright, Mark. Last modified July 09, Ancient History Encyclopedia, 09 Jul This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. I f your image of Western civilization relies on a depiction of the Crusades as an insane and bloodthirsty attack on a peaceful and sophisticated Muslim world, then you are not going to like what recent historians have to say. This is apparent in some of the responses to these new works. In a New Yorker review of the books by Asbridge and Phillips, the journalist Joan Acocella seemed a little miffed by what she found coming out of the academy.

    How can two professional historians talk of piety, devotion, and selflessness as Crusader motivations? No, it means they think it is their job as historians to uncover the truth. Acocella speaks approvingly of the much older works by Runciman and John Julius Norwich, who is no historian. The entry of scholars into popular Crusade history does not seem to be welcomed in all quarters. Things had been going badly for Christians for several centuries, ever since the explosion of Muslim warriors out of Arabia in the seventh century.

    (DOC) The First Crusade: A New History, A review by Nicholas Pratt | Nicholas Pratt - leondumoulin.nl

    Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa—the core of the Christian world—had been conquered by Muslim jihad warriors and subjected to Islamic rule and law. When Turkish jihad warriors invaded and conquered Asia Minor, they reduced Christendom to a tiny corner of the world. Urban took the plight of Eastern Christians and the continued subjugation of the Holy Land to the knights of Europe; he asked them to take up the cross and turn back these conquests as an act of penance. Thousands responded.

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    The First Crusade, which was, in typical medieval fashion, governed by a committee of barons, marched thousands of miles across eastern Europe, crossed the Bosporus at Constantinople, and then pushed on to Nicaea, which served as the capital of the Turkish sultanate. After restoring Nicaea to the Byzantine emperor, the Crusaders crossed Anatolia and against all odds restored to Christian control the city of Antioch, one of the ancient patriarchates of Christianity. The Crusaders also acquired nearby Edessa and then continued south along the coast until they finally turned inland and caught their first glimpse of the holy city of Jerusalem.

    After prayers, penances, and many hardships, they captured it in July The modern historian can only marvel at the First Crusade. I know of no other instance in human history in which so many soldiers marched thousands of miles from their home and endured numerous hardships deep in enemy territory for no good strategic or economic reasons.