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New York was surely more appropriate for his ambitions and actually helped his reputation grow. It was also in New York that the group of Arab-American intellectuals known as Arrabitah was centered.
The short book represented a collection of thoughts and parables using the first-personal pronoun of a supposedly madman and pertaining to the subject of faith in God. It was, however, with the publication of his masterpiece The Prophet in that he achieved unprecedented recognition and fame. Actually, this subject is at the center of many of his writings, of which the ultimate achievement that reached incomparable success and fame is his masterpiece. The message that Gibran has generally dedicated his life to spread is a message of spiritual unity between all humans.
It is the idea that all the different faiths of the world have a meeting point that should be sought and explored. While the many differences are rather formal, the essential core of all faiths is one. Gibran was also influenced by Christian and Muslim mystics and mainly by the tradition of Muslim Sufism. This was mainly through the use of a smooth, accessible style, a formal language and a great deal of religious and humanist symbolism. The difference between traditional Sufi poets such as Rumi or Ibn Arabi and Khalil Gibran is that the latter had double culture and was quite familiar with the West.
This made his literature most suited to serve as a linking bridge between the wisdom of the East and the spirit of the West. It is quite interesting to know that though Gibran was formally Christian belonging to the Maronite Catholic Church, he deeply respected and even venerated other faiths including Islam, Judaism and Buddhism. To put it simply, for Gibran, the way to God that you choose for yourself does not make the other ways wrong, nor does your nationalist pride deprive you of universal and humanist ideals.
The Prophet offered a new vision of existence and a new meaning of reality in a world governed by excessive materialism and dominated by religious conformism, positivism and literalism. Khalil Gibran died of cirrhosis on April 10 th , His masterpiece, The Prophet, a book of poetic essays that he began while still a youth in Lebanon, is one of the most cherished books of our time and has sold millions of copies in more than twenty languages since its publication in Perhaps no other twentieth-century writer has touched the hearts and minds of so remarkably varied and widespread a readership.
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Collected Works of Khalil Gibran
The old man is rooted in the world of civilization and the city; the youth is a creature of the forest and represents nature and wholeness. The old man expresses a gloomy philosophy to which the carefree youth gives optimistic responses. The work immediately became popular, especially as a piece to be sung. It is one of the great examples of mahjari immigrant poetry and pioneered a new form of verse in Arabic.
The pictures are not his best work; the book did not draw much attention, and the one review was ambivalent. It consists of thirty-one pieces that are generally harsher in tone than the sketches and stories of the three earlier collections.
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In the title story the narrator is curious about Yusuf al-Fakhri, a hermit who abandoned society in his thirtieth year to live alone on Mount Lebanon. The hermit tells the narrator that he did not flee the world to be a contemplative but to escape the corruption of society. Several other stories deal with the political themes that had concerned Gibran during the war.
It begins with a prologue in which the narrator says that each person is his or her own forerunner. Among the twenty-three parables are one in which a king abandons his kingdom for the forest; another in which a saint meets a brigand and confesses to committing the same sins as the bandit; and a third in which a weathercock complains because the wind always blows in his face. Al-Funun had collapsed in ; in April Gibran and some friends who had been associated with the paper formed al-Rabitah al-Qalamiyyah the Pen-Bond , or Arrabitah, as they called it when writing in English. The goals of the group were a mixture of the literary and the political; Gibran and some other members were fervent nationalists with misty ideas of liberation through literature.
The works of the Arrabitah members were eagerly read in the Arab world, where literature was only beginning to break free from a stale and rigid traditionalism. In the financially and emotionally exhausted Haskell moved to Savannah, Georgia, and became the companion of an elderly widower, Colonel Jacob Florence Minis. The works had been selected by the publisher, and the collection is uneven and miscellaneous. Two pieces are of more interest than the others.
A lonely young man dreams of a woman who visits him continually in his sleep and is his wife in spirit. When he is sent to Venice, he finds her; but she has just died. Gibran worked on it from time to time and had finished much of it by He seems to have written it in Arabic and then translated it into English. The work begins with the prophet Almustafa preparing to leave the city of Orphalese, where he has lived for twelve years, to return to the island of his birth.
The people of the city gather and beg him not to leave, but the seeress Almitra, knowing that his ship has come for him, asks him instead to tell them his truths. The people ask him about the great themes of human life: love, marriage, children, giving, eating and drinking, and many others, concluding with death. Almustafa speaks of each of the themes in sober, sonorous aphorisms grouped into twenty-six short chapters. As in earlier books, Gibran illustrated The Prophet with his own drawings, adding to the power of the work.
On the other hand, the public reception was intense.
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It began with a trickle of grateful letters; the first edition sold out in two months; 13, copies a year were sold during the Great Depression, 60, in , and 1,, by Many millions of copies were sold in the following decades, making Gibran the best-selling American poet of the twentieth century. It is clear that the book deeply moved many people. When critics finally noticed it, they were baffled by the public response; they dismissed the work as sentimental, overwritten, artificial, and affected. Gibran knew that he would never surpass The Prophet, and for the most part his later works do not come close to measuring up to it.
The book made him a celebrity, and his monastic lifestyle added to his mystique. She remained with Gibran for the rest of his life and played a major role in events after his death. Each comprises about three hundred aphorisms of two to a dozen lines, generally written in the style of The Prophet.
Most critics did not like the book, but, like all of his English works except Twenty Drawings, it has remained in print since its publication. Around this time Gibran also wrote two one-act plays in English. Lazarus and His Beloved is set in Bethany the day after the Resurrection. Lazarus has become a sort of Gibranian mystic wandering the hills. A madman comments on the proceedings. In The Blind, David, a musician, gains wisdom through his blindness. The madman again appears as commentator.
Lazarus and His Beloved was first published in ; the two plays were published together in The book was written in a little over a year in Haskell, who had married Minis in , edited the manuscript. Seventy-eight people who knew Jesus—some real, some imaginary; some sympathetic, others hostile—tell of him from their own points of view. Anna is puzzled by the worship of the Magi. Pontius Pilate discusses the political factors leading to his decision to execute Jesus.
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Barabbas is tormented by the knowledge that he is alive only because Jesus died in his place. For once, the reviews were strongly and uniformly favorable, and the book has remained the most popular of his works next to The Prophet. Al-Sanabil Heads of Grain is a commemorative anthology of his works that was presented to him at an Arrabitah banquet. He had mentioned it to Haskell in as the prologue to a play in English; it seems to have been largely completed the following year and thus belongs to the period just before al-Mawakib.
It is a debate among three gods: the first speaks for pessimism; the second defends the potential for transcendence of the human world; and the third reconciles the positions of the other two. At his death Gibran was working on The Garden of the Prophet , which was to be the second volume in a trilogy begun by The Prophet. Gibran died on 10 April of cirrhosis of the liver. He was an alcoholic and had been in poor health since the early s. Hundreds attended—far too many for all of them to get into the church. Several memorial services were conducted during the following weeks.
Gibran had wanted to be buried in his native village, and his coffin was sent to Lebanon in July.
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Since Gibran was a major Arabic literary figure, the procession to Bisharri and the associated ceremonies were elaborate to the edge of absurdity. His will left money and real estate to his sister Marianna Jubran never married and died in Boston in and his papers and the contents of his studio to Haskell, with a request that she send any materials she did not want to Bisharri; he also left the royalties from his copyrights to the village.
Haskell, however, had to return to her husband and relied on Young to handle affairs in New York. The village won, but at the cost of giving 25 percent of the royalties to its lawyer and, later, his heirs. The unearned wealth wrought havoc in Bisharri, dividing families and leading to at least two murders.
The Lebanese government finally had to step in to restore peace and deal with the corruption that was dissipating the funds.