Download PDF Diary of Samuel Pepys — Volume 08: October/November/December 1660

Free download. Book file PDF easily for everyone and every device. You can download and read online Diary of Samuel Pepys — Volume 08: October/November/December 1660 file PDF Book only if you are registered here. And also you can download or read online all Book PDF file that related with Diary of Samuel Pepys — Volume 08: October/November/December 1660 book. Happy reading Diary of Samuel Pepys — Volume 08: October/November/December 1660 Bookeveryone. Download file Free Book PDF Diary of Samuel Pepys — Volume 08: October/November/December 1660 at Complete PDF Library. This Book have some digital formats such us :paperbook, ebook, kindle, epub, fb2 and another formats. Here is The CompletePDF Book Library. It's free to register here to get Book file PDF Diary of Samuel Pepys — Volume 08: October/November/December 1660 Pocket Guide.
Diary of Samuel Pepys — Volume October/November/December by Samuel Pepys. No cover available. Download; Bibrec.
Table of contents

Indeed the City's order, on the same day as the commission to Robinson, that the keeper of the New Churchyard should desist from making pits there and dig only single graves and its later comment that he had done so implies that alternative space was quickly made available. The patterns and practices of burial of the plague dead in sixteenth- and seventeenth- century London suggest that it was seen principally as a problem of quantity, not quality. Traditional practices were adhered to as long as possible; only when they were seen to be completely inadequate were alternatives employed.

Certainly the problem grew worse as the size of the city increased, and as the built-up area extended, and as the heaviest mortality occurred in larger but poorer parishes, but it is difficult to see any qualitative change, any trace of an 'Enlightened' or 'Hygienic' sensitivity towards the problem, in the responses at parish level.

It is true that plague victims were buried quickly, but the interval between death and burial was rarely longer than two or three days anyway, 41 and burying quickly was surely the only way to avoid a backlog of unburied bodies from building up. True, corpses and those who handled them were treated with great caution; the Plague Orders said that bodies must not be kept in church during public assemblies or services there, and made the searchers and bearers of the dead identify themselves and keep their distance in public.

Read More From Richard Griffin Braybrooke

The Plague Orders say more about the bedding and clothing of the sick, and rubbish disposal generally, than about burial. An important point that distinguishes plague burial in London from some other major European cities is that there never seems to have been any official attempt to override traditional burial practices in favour of specific plague burial sites. The instructions of the public health board for the country round Florence in banned the burial of suspected plague dead in churches, and indeed insisted that they be buried 'in the countryside far from the high roads, a hundred arms'-lengths from the houses'.

One young man was even dug up some months later when presumably the danger had passed and reburied in his rightful place in church near his ancestral chapel. Anxiety about the consequences of overcrowded churchyards and burial grounds seems to have surfaced after the epidemic was over, but concern about 'annoyances' mingled with fear of real danger. The City's order during the plague to cease pit burial in the New Churchyard and to cover the ground with a layer of fresh earth is expressed in terms of suppressing 'stenches and annoyances'; its order to bury all the bones lying above ground and to burn the pieces of coffin boards sounds more like a desire for tidiness.

Nevertheless there was real concern that plague burials should be adequately covered with earth: contemporary writers enlarged on the dire consequences if decomposing bodies were exposed, though they did not agree on what depth of burial was necessary.

New orders issued by the Privy Council in May banned the burial of future plague victims in churches and small churchyards, prescribed the use of quicklime, and forbad the re-opening of such graves in under a year, for fear of infection. This brief survey of plague burial in early modern London prompts two queries or speculations.

The first concerns the attitude of city government. The New Churchyard was established in , and there was then no further major civic initiative in this field for a hundred years. Is it significant that the plague - a very severe one admittedly - which prompted this action was also the last to strike the city centre more heavily than the periphery? Were the seventeenth-century aldermen less sensitive to a problem whose worst effects were felt in the suburbs even though some of these were within the City's jurisdiction than their predecessors had been to a problem in the city heartland?

Samuel Pepys' Diary - November, 1660

If so, was there another change in attitude in , which led to the establishment of Bunhill Fields, or was this just a panic response to the exceptionally high mortality - within and without the city - of the first major plague for 30 years? The second concerns the long-term influence of plague-time expedients on normal burial practice, and on burial practice in later epidemics.

Did the experience of massive mortality during the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century epidemics contribute to the evolution of new responses to the problem of burial, that put practicality and perhaps hygiene ahead of personal and communal sensitivities? The idea of opening a large trench or pit and leaving it open till filled with successive burials seems to have been novel in seventeenth-century London, and it would be interesting to know how soon after the early modern epidemics it became normal in London. It was clearly a feature of the crowded city churchyards by the early nineteenth century.

NOTES 1. Back to text 2. Attributed plague deaths of 35, and 68, from A collection of the yearly bills of mortality from to inclusive ; hereafter cited as Yearly Bills. Back to text 3. Plague orders for quoted in Defoe, Plague Year , pp. Paul Slack, 'Metropolitan government in crisis' in A. Beier and Roger Finlay eds. The making of the metropolis , p.

Back to text 4. Slack, 'Metropolitan government', pp. Back to text 5. Most London parishes had at least one churchyard, but a few had none, and several had two or more. Some of those acquiring new burial space in the early modern period made status distinctions between old and new churchyards: Vanessa Harding, ' "And one more may be laid there": the location of burials in early modern London', London Journal, 14 , pp.

Back to text 6. Back to text 7. Back to text 8. The churchwardens of St Dunstan in the West were unable to include the usual itemized list of burials and burial fees for the period July-December in their final fair account, 'the particulars The parish clerk died in November , before the account for had been audited.

Back to text 9. Back to text These figures, and the average of deaths per annum , are from Yearly Bills. Defoe, Plague Year , p. These accounts only list a small fraction of the burials recorded in the register 89 out of in August, out of in September, 58 out of in October. Presumably some record of continuing meetings was kept, but the next surviving volume of minutes begins in Charles F. Mullett, The bubonic plague in England.

An essay in the history of preventive medicine. The Diary of Samuel Pepys , ed. But the experts disagree, pointing out, for instance, that he clearly left pages blank and then filled them in later and that he tended to cram in more writing at the bottom of a page rather than start a new one. View all 4 comments. Oct 25, Willa Grant rated it it was amazing Recommends it for: Anyone with an interest in history. Jul 06, Ellee rated it really liked it Shelves: non-fiction-megalist , pgs , biography.

Took awhile reading it in the format that I did in a reader on my iPhone.

Did you miss Loyola’s very own Hour of Code?

I enjoyed reading about the everyday life portions: what they ate, how they got sick, drank too much, and how differently business was conducted then. It was also really exciting that he went to see at least one of Shakespeare's plays performed. Very cool! Jan 09, David Lumpkin rated it it was amazing. This is a fascinating view into the every day life of this man that lived three hundred and fifty years ago He was born a commoner and had access to those that were not. He was diligent in his business and loyal.

Pepys can be very straight forward at times. Jan 03, Frank Mancino rated it it was amazing. Worth reading for anyone interested in Restoration England by someone living then and what a life he led! Onevolume each year is enough for me. Feb 02, Christian rated it liked it Shelves: literature. An enticing start. May 06, Donna rated it really liked it. This is not a book to rush through. It provides a clear picture of London life during the time of the plague, the great fire, and other major events of the Restoration.

May 30, Fazackerly Toast rated it liked it Shelves: diaries. Apr 11, Lisa rated it liked it Shelves: book-list. It was fine a bit boring, lots of mundane details of day to day life.

Diagnostic information:

I learned about Charles II return to England, Pepys drank tea for the first time and lots of deaths from smallpox. So satisfying. Apr 14, Brian Engelhardt is currently reading it. One of the world's most famous diarists and father of the modern Navy. A project in 9 volumes, we'll see how far I get. Sep 10, Uwe Hauck rated it really liked it.

Samuel Pepys MP () | WikiTree FREE Family Tree

Great biography i am reading a brilliant german translation. Nov 07, Debbie Zapata rated it did not like it Shelves: gutenberg. Couldn't read the version I found Dec 11, Rissi rated it liked it. Just fascinating. The old manner of speaking and writing made it a bit of a challenge, but the footnotes are very helpful.