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Wood has been used as a building material for thousands of years, being second only to stone in terms of its rich and storied history in the world of construction.
Table of contents

• Wood construction
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• 11 Problems with Wood Frame Construction
• 25 clever climate constructions

This farmhouse is raised approximately 50 cm above ground level. Almost all of the ground-floor walls can be opened, allowing the free flow of air. The practice of leaving the under-floor area open is now generally illegal in cities, however, as the crawl space acts like a duct sucking in oxygen in the case of fire. Ancient Chinese chroniclers noted that the religious observances of the peoples of the Japanese archipelago concerned mainly cleanliness and purity, elements that mark many cultural and religious practices to this day.

Japan is widely perceived to be very traditional, but there is a strong preference among Japanese for the new. Major construction companies make no secret of the fact that they design their homes to last approximately 30 years, after which the house is expected to be torn down and replaced. The dressing, size, and cutouts on the center beam indicate it was reused from a different house. Japanese post-and-beam wood construction is particularly suitable in a culture of frequent rebuilding, as it allows many of the most valuable parts of a building to be recycled.

This culture of frequent rebuilding has ancient roots as well. Until the eighth century CE, the death of an emperor was cause to move the palace, and in some cases the entire imperial capital. Political motives aside, such an idea is only possible if built structures are viewed as relatively impermanent.

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This idea is apparent in many aspects of culture during the Edo period — Celebrated in stories and wood-block prints during the period, these conflagrations significantly lowered the average lifetime of buildings. Moving a house meant discarding everything but the timber structure, disassembling that framework, and reassembling the timbers with a fresh roof and infill walls. Any parts that may have become rotten were replaced at this time. This proved an ideal way to mitigate any damage from mold and insects while preserving the economic benefit of the most durable parts of a house.

Indeed, we find extremely old recycled beams and columns in many farmhouses today, where the lumber was reused from a previous construction. Guilds, protectionism, and political decisions of the Togukawa shogunate restricted the use of metal fasteners in construction during the Edo period.

This was a major factor that drove the development of Japanese all-wood joinery even after steel became generally available.

Metal fasteners, however, cannot rival the longevity of all-wood joints unless installed in well-cured wood and protected from contact with air. Additionally, regular stress over time will result in metal fatigue. Conversely, an all-wood joint gains in strength as the wood ages and individual cells harden. Calculations show that wood joints can be more structurally sound centuries after their initial construction. In general, wood gains in strength for — years after being cut.

Strength gradually declines after that point, but only after about a thousand years will a properly cured timber beam be reduced to the strength it was when it was originally logged. These pieces are machine-planed and sawn to fit certain dimensional specifications e. Pieces of wood over 5 inches wide by 5 inches thick regardless of length are referred to as timber, and any timber pieces that exceed 8" wide by 8" thick are referred to as beams. As timber pieces are larger in dimension, they are often used to construct the frames of large structures such as buildings and bridges.

Timber is also commonly utilized in large quantities for railroad ties, mine shaft supports and crossbeams on utility poles. Another type of wood commonly used in construction is known as engineered wood.

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6. WOOD / TIMBER / LUMBER AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL.

As its name implies, engineered wood is the product of a more intricate fabrication process in which various wood strands, fibers, veneers, or other forms of wood are glued together to form a type of composite material that is used for specific construction applications. Common examples of engineered wood include plywood, glued laminated timber a. Engineered wood products are commonly used in a wide variety of residential, commercial and industrial construction projects. Wood has traditionally been classified into two primary categories: Hardwood any leaf-bearing tree and softwood any cone-bearing tree.

As with most other general classifications, this can get somewhat confusing due to the fact that there are some leaf-bearing trees that can have relatively soft wood, while some coniferous trees that can have rather hard wood. Generally speaking, however, hardwoods are by and large considered to be heavier and more dense than softwoods. Hardwoods are commonly used in the construction of walls, ceilings and floors, while softwoods are often used to make doors, furniture and window frames. Some examples of the most popular hardwoods include oak, maple, mahogany, cherry, walnut, and teak.

Commonly used softwoods include pine, hickory, beach, ash, birch, and cedar. The National Hardwood Lumber Association NHLA of America has created a grading system to rate various types of lumber, primarily based on the amount of defects that can be found in a board. Michael Green Architecture built T3, a seven story building in Minneapolis. It's currently the largest wooden building in the U.

Brock Commons, a dormitory at the University of British Columbia, is currently the tallest wooden building in the world at 18 stories. Most interior structural systems are built with steel and concrete slabs.

25 clever climate constructions

Five years later, engineers did Hancock one better when they constructed the Sears Tower, a 1, foot skyscraper that used more than million pounds of steel. Chicago has always been a city defined by metal and concrete, but now, an ambitious new proposal promises to introduce a new material to Chicago's skyline, and to skyscrapers around the world: wood.

Today, on a site along the Chicago River, architects are exploring a new kind of high-rise structure built entirely from timber. The concept building hasn't been constructed yet, and may never be. River Beech is just one of a handful of ambitious ideas that have popped up in the past couple of years. Designers have proposed a scheme for an equally tall wooden skyscraper in London called Oakwood Tower. In Stockholm, plans for a foot residential building—the tallest in the city—are in the works. Up until the late 19th century, timber was still the dominant building material.

That changed after a series of brutal city fires tore through major American cities, showcasing wood's flammability and encouraging architects to explore new materials like steel and concrete.