New Wealth. Commercialization of Science and Technology for Business and Economic Development. by George Kozmetsky, Frederick illiams, Victoria illiams.
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Commercialization
Since independence in , Zambia followed and implemented various macro-economic and development strategies. Between and Zambia adopted an import substitution strategy for the development of its manufacturing sector in an effort to achieve a rapid industrialization process. The strategy enabled the country to produce a wide variety of consumer goods ranging from food, textiles, furniture, alcoholic and non alcoholic drink, etc and assembled goods including motor vehicles, radios, etc.
The policy of import substitution entailed transfer of technology and expertise from outside Zambia. Despite massive investment in this sector, between and , Zambia experienced stagnation in economic and industrial performance. Between and economic and industrial performance further deteriorated, followed by a devastating decline in social infrastructure, dwindling financial reserves, uncontrolled inflation, rising debt obligation and declining productivity and export capacity.
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Some of the policies included the privatisation, liberalization of the financial sector, freeing of interest rates and removal of price controls and subsidies. Although the implementation of these policies has produced some beneficial results, some negative effects have manifested in some sectors of the economy. The manufacturing industry in particular has faced stiff competition from imported goods and services. Various reasons have been advanced for this status quo such as high import duty and sales tax. The Government is seriously addressing the issues of import duty and sales tax.
A major contributing cause of the poor performance of the manufacturing industry has been largely due to lack of application of science and technology, which has resulted in industries becoming uncompetitive with declining productivity, especially in a global trade environment dominated. On a macro-economic level, there has been lack of policies to respond to the new free market economic environment.
Despite this set up funding for research and development by both Government and private sector has, however, been limited and has greatly contributed to the poor performance of the application of Science and Technology in national development. Weak linkages between the Research System, Government and Industry is another contributing factor. Apart from undertaking physical research NCSR has the mandate by an Act of Parliament Chapter of the Laws of Zambia to advise Government on research policy, co-ordinate, promote and direct scientific research activities in the country.
Since the inception of such institutions, significant work has been undertaken and good results obtained such as the production of Tip Top drink from locally grown guava fruit, ceramics products, clay stoves, and various products of appropriate technology such as dehullers, pumps, oil presses, shellers, wind pumps etc. These new products and processes demonstrate the power of Science and Technology and significant technological capabilities of scientists and engineers and the potential of such groups to contribute to economic and industrial development particularly in creating jobs for small scale farmers, transporters and manufacturers.
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Unfortunately, very few of these products and processes have been successfully transferred for commercial exploitation. The lesson to learn is that Science and Technology is not just to support research and development but more about fostering linkages between research, manufacturing and marketing strategies through well co-ordinated. For Science and Technology to be relevant and appreciated in Zambia, policies should focus on the development of the key sectors that contribute to national development and creation of wealth.
In view of the above, the Government of the Republic of Zambia has realized that a sustainable social-economic development can only be achieved through a strong, well co-ordinated and monitored Science and Technology System. Science and Technology in Zambia has been constrained by lack of national Science and Technology Policy since independence in This lack of national policy has resulted in the following: The Mission of the Science and Technology Policy is to promote and exploit science and technology as an instrument for developing an environmentally friendly indigenous technological capacity for sustainable socio-economic development in order to improve the quality of life in Zambia.
This will be achieved through liberalization and autonomisation of research institutions, promotion of individual initiative, partnership and to encourage market-demand driven research and development. The goals of the Science and Technology Policy are: Strategies for the policy shall involve both Government and the private sector, working to complement each other, to ensure that Zambia provides and sharpens technical skills required in the promotion of competitiveness of the key sectors, and takes advantages of the vast natural resources potential for harnessing further the industrialization process, through, among others: Establish a mechanism for promotion, diffusion and commercialization of indigenously developed and other technologies especially for the small and medium scale industries through the provision of fiscal and other regulatory measures.
To support and facilitate the efforts of JETS in order to: Create a National Petty Patent Mechanism through which utility certification will be granted in order to: Ensure facilities are made available to formulate and enforce standards and understand quality assurance testing and assessment of industrial products emanating from technologies and processes in use in the country, as well as, industrial pollution at source and in operation.
To ensure that accurate and up to date information from local and international sources on manpower, research and development activities, markets and publications which are essential for progressive and competitive industrial production are readily accessible to various users.
Provide attractive incentives and high targeted promotions on the importance of Science and Technology to economic development in the key sectors. There is need to repeal the National Council for Scientific Research Act Chapter of the Laws of Zambia and create a new Act for the implementation of the establishment of Science and Technology Council and provision of incentives for promotion of research and development for industrial development. The Legislation reform shall consider, among other things, the following: Also consider the same for the following and taking into account ranking of incentives as follows: The Research System, Government and key sectors are so isolated from each other, that there is need to bring them into closer contact to discover, analyse and resolve national problems and opportunities relating to the development of the key sectors through Science and Technology.
Innovative companies will typically be working on new innovations that will eventually replace older ones. Successive s-curves will come along to replace older ones and continue to drive growth upwards. In the figure above the first curve shows a current technology. The second shows an emerging technology that currently yields lower growth but will eventually overtake current technology and lead to even greater levels of growth. The length of life will depend on many factors. Measuring innovation is inherently difficult as it implies commensurability so that comparisons can be made in quantitative terms.
Innovation, however, is by definition novelty. Comparisons are thus often meaningless across products or service. They categorized these measures along five dimensions i. There are two different types of measures for innovation: The measure of innovation at the organizational level relates to individuals, team-level assessments, and private companies from the smallest to the largest company.
Measure of innovation for organizations can be conducted by surveys, workshops, consultants, or internal benchmarking. There is today no established general way to measure organizational innovation. Corporate measurements are generally structured around balanced scorecards which cover several aspects of innovation such as business measures related to finances, innovation process efficiency, employees' contribution and motivation, as well benefits for customers. For the political level, measures of innovation are more focused on a country or region competitive advantage through innovation.
In this context, organizational capabilities can be evaluated through various evaluation frameworks, such as those of the European Foundation for Quality Management. Some people consider the Oslo Manual complementary to the Frascati Manual from The new Oslo manual from takes a wider perspective to innovation, and includes marketing and organizational innovation. These standards are used for example in the European Community Innovation Surveys.
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Whether this is a good measurement of innovation has been widely discussed and the Oslo Manual has incorporated some of the critique against earlier methods of measuring. The traditional methods of measuring still inform many policy decisions. Innovation is starting to decline due to the newly introduced immigration policies. For example, an institution may be high tech with the latest equipment, but lacks crucial doing, using and interacting tasks important for innovation. An Australian academic developed the case that national comparative cost-effectiveness analysis systems should be viewed as measuring "health innovation" as an evidence-based policy concept for valuing innovation distinct from valuing through competitive markets, a method which requires strong anti-trust laws to be effective, on the basis that both methods of assessing pharmaceutical innovations are mentioned in annex 2C.
Several indices attempt to measure innovation and rank entities based on these measures, such as:.
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Many research studies try to rank countries based on measures of innovation. Common areas of focus include: The left ranking of the top 10 countries below is based on the Bloomberg Innovation Index. John Smart criticized the claim and asserted that technological singularity researcher Ray Kurzweil and others showed a "clear trend of acceleration, not deceleration" when it came to innovations. Innovation as a tool for development is usually focused on developing countries, but a burgeoning literature has relevance for innovation as a tool for development in developed countries too, particularly with respect to poverty.
Recent research has reaffirmed these findings, but by discerning a significant and negative association between county poverty rates and county patent counts across the US between Given the noticeable effects on efficiency , quality of life , and productive growth , innovation is a key factor in society and economy.
Consequently, policymakers have long worked to develop environments that will foster innovation and its resulting positive benefits, from funding Research and Development to supporting regulatory change, funding the development of innovation clusters, and using public purchasing and standardisation to 'pull' innovation through. For instance, experts are advocating that the U. Because clusters are the geographic incubators of innovative products and processes, a cluster development grant program would also be targeted for implementation.
By focusing on innovating in such areas as precision manufacturing , information technology , and clean energy , other areas of national concern would be tackled including government debt , carbon footprint , and oil dependence. Economic Development Administration understand this reality in their continued Regional Innovation Clusters initiative.
Also, such grants should be better procured to metropolitan areas , the essential engines of the American economy.
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Furthermore, Russia's innovation programme is the Medvedev modernisation programme which aims at creating a diversified economy based on high technology and innovation. Also, the Government of Western Australia has established a number of innovation incentives for government departments. Landgate was the first Western Australian government agency to establish its Innovation Program. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For other uses, see Innovation disambiguation. Government policies [ edit ] Given the noticeable effects on efficiency , quality of life , and productive growth , innovation is a key factor in society and economy.
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