Manual The History of Rome, Book V The Establishment of the Military Monarchy

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BOOK FIRST. The Period anterior to the Abolition of the Monarchy, Ch. I.-V. BOOK SECOND. The Establishment of the Military Monarchy, Ch. XXVIII.-XXXTIII.
Table of contents

A group of rebels freed Joanna in and pronounced her sane and fit to rule—but changed their minds after she refused to support them instead of her son and sometime tormentor Charles. He took great pleasure in bringing members of the nobility to heel through torture and sadistic executions.


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Fed up with rule, Ivan attempted to resign in but was convinced to return a year later. In Ivan murdered his own son and heir, striking him with a pointed staff in a fit of rage.


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One of the most eccentric rulers of the European Renaissance, Rudolf II was perhaps the greatest collector of his age and an enthusiastic patron of the arts, sciences and pseudo-sciences. His castle complex at Prague featured a vast menagerie of animals, including lions, tigers, an orangutan and a live dodo bird. His cabinet of curiosities included a dizzying array of human and natural artifacts, organized by genre.


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Throughout his life Rudolf alternated between bouts of elation and melancholy. As a ruler, he would withdraw from court from weeks on end, or speak in an inaudible voice.

The Roman Empire (27 B.C.–393 A.D.)

He gave generous support to the astronomers Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler, helping to lay the foundation of the Scientific Revolution. Blessed and cursed with, as one historian put it, a willingness to believe almost everything, Rudolf was an equally enthusiastic supporter of astrologers, alchemists and mystics of every stripe.

The Entire History of France in 23 Minutes

George III ruled during a tumultuous era that including the American Revolution—the Declaration of Independence is addressed to him—as well as the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars that followed it. It would be hard to imagine a stranger life than the one led by Carlota, the first and only Habsburg empress of Mexico. Socrates predicts that this claim will elicit even more ridicule and contempt from his Athenian contemporaries than will equality for women rulers or communality of sex and children. Many Athenians saw philosophers as perpetual adolescents, skulking in corners and muttering about the meaning of life, rather than taking an adult part in the battle for power and success in the city.

On this view, philosophers are the last people who should or would want to rule. The Republic turns this claim upside down, arguing that it is precisely the fact that philosophers are the last people who would want to rule that qualifies them to do so. Only those who do not wish for political power can be trusted with it. Philosophers are both morally and intellectually suited to rule: morally because it is in their nature to love truth and learning so much that they are free from the greed and lust that tempts others to abuse power and intellectually because they alone can gain full knowledge of reality, which in Books V through VII of the Republic is argued to culminate in knowledge of the forms of Virtue, Beauty, and, above all, the Good.

The city can foster such knowledge by putting aspiring philosophers through a demanding education, and the philosophers will use their knowledge of goodness and virtue to help other citizens achieve these so far as possible. Thus, the emphasis in the Platonic notion of the philosopher king lies more on the first word than the second. While relying on conventional Greek contrasts between king and tyrant and between the king as individual ruler and the multitudinous rule of aristocracy and democracy , Plato makes little use of the notion of kingship per se.

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That he had used the word, however, was key to the later career of the notion in imperial Rome and monarchical Europe. To the Stoic Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius reigned — , what mattered was that even kings should be philosophers, rather than that only philosophers should rule. The enlightened despots of the 18th century, such as Frederick II the Great of Prussia and Catherine II the Great of Russia, would pride themselves on being philosopher kings and queens.

More than 1, years later the notion of such a figure acting as the interpreter of law inspired the Ayatollah Khomeini and the revolutionary state that he shaped in Iran. Public and critical acclaim quickly followed, and Shakespeare eventually became the most popular playwright in England and part owner of the Globe Theater. His career bridged the reigns of Elizabeth I ruled — and James I ruled — ; he was a favorite of both monarchs.

SparkNotes: Julius Caesar: Context

Wealthy and renowned, Shakespeare retired to Stratford, and died in at the age of fifty-two. The evidence for this claim, however, is overwhelmingly circumstantial, and few take the theory very seriously. In the absence of definitive proof to the contrary, Shakespeare must be viewed as the author of the thirty-seven plays and sonnets that bear his name. The legacy of this body of work is immense. Julius Caesar takes place in ancient Rome in 44 b. Yet even as the empire grew stronger, so, too, did the force of the dangers threatening its existence: Rome suffered from constant infighting between ambitious military leaders and the far weaker senators to whom they supposedly owed allegiance.

The empire also suffered from a sharp division between citizens, who were represented in the senate, and the increasingly underrepresented plebeian masses.