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Table of contents
- Manufacturer Description
- China jig bone
- Storm R.I.P. T-Bone 18cm Fish Jig (Incl. Jig Screw)
- Jig Of Bones by Donna H. Parker
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Manufacturer Description
Free to read. Maximum load at failure and stiffness was measured. The drilling of bone is a common practice in orthopedic surgery and is often employed for the treatment of fractures due to physical trauma. Depending on the individual, the process of healing a fractured bone can take from several months to years, based on the bone and type of fracture. Multiple studies have confirmed a quantitative decrease in the strength of long-bone after drill hole placement.
These findings leave little doubt that the presence of drill holes has significant implications on the integrity of healing bone. For this study, we question if the specific placement of these drill holes can be chosen to minimize the loss in bone strength that is typically associated with the existence of these holes. In many cases of internal fixation, implant removal after an expected successful fracture healing has resulted in a false sense of security: patients often return to their previously routine daily activities only to suffer another fracture due to the weakened state of the bone, in part due to the presence of surgical drill holes.
However, this finding had not been corroborated in authentic human long-bone. We hypothesized that bones with drill holes located at tensile locations would be weaker compared to bones with drill holes at neutral locations.
China jig bone
The ultimate aim was to offer some clarity on how much strength as defined by load bearing capacity a bone can lose with just a single surgical drill hole and whether or not this can be mitigated by choosing an optimal drill hole location. With two exceptions, four bones were collected from each of the 18 available donor bodies: two tibias, and two fibulas. The ages of the bodies ranged from 59 to years old with equal distribution of sex 9 male and 9 female.
One body had amputated a leg prior to death, and another had significant surgical alteration to one leg that warranted exclusion from the study. Thus, only 2 bones were sourced from each of these two bodies and were used for initial testing of our equipment.
Tibias and fibulas were chosen for inclusion due to availability and relative ease of access, in addition to their propensity for fracture in severe lower extremity trauma. The fibulas were disarticulated from their respective tibias and each bone was manually cleaned to remove excess tendon, ligament, and muscle tissue.
Each bone was subsequently radiographed to spot any abnormalities not readily apparent to the naked eye. Length, diameter, and cortical thickness of each bone was measured by using a scale and a micrometer. Additionally, each fibula was cut in half in order to maximize the amount of bone material available for experimentation. Time constraints ultimately prevented the testing of distal fibula samples, but each proximal sample was tested. Our methodology allowed us to test how differing the placement of an identical drill hole in two bones might impact their strength defined as load bearing capacity.
It was decided that for each experimental bone sample, the control bone counterpart would come from the contralateral limb of the same body, as this would eliminate any biological variables i. The presence of such variables would inevitably impact results if the paired control and experimental bone were from different donors.
Additionally, designating the left or right bone as either control or experimental was randomized via computer algorithm for each body. One drill hole was drilled into each experimental bone, with the controls being unaltered in any way.
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For the tibias, the hole was drilled in the exact center of the bone using a 4. Our drill holes were bicortical, meaning the drill bit travelled entirely through the bone and pierced both cortical layers with a defined entrance and exit point. Our rationale for employing a bicortical drill technique was to mimic established surgical procedures: standard internal fixation methods typically use bicortical drill holes.
The holes were drilled in the same plane on each bone, with their location differing only by their placement along the circumference of that plane. We divided the bone samples into three groups to test, each differing by their placement of the drill hole along the circumference. There was a total of 20 bones in each group: 10 control and 10 experimental 5 tibia and 5 fibula each. A statistical power analysis was performed to determine the necessary amount of bones to maintain the validity of our study: with an alpha of 0.
Thus, our sample size of 20 per group was more than sufficient for our objectives. A Posterior view of tibia and cross section view of tibia. The black line marks the exact center of the tibia. B In the cross section view, holes were drilled along one of the dotted lines depending on the group being tested. A Posterior view and cross section view of fibula. The solid black line marks the exact center of the tibia, where it was cut in half.
The dash line marks the quarter length of the fibula, where holes were drilled. The distal half of the fibula was stored in case further analysis was needed. B In the cross section view, a hole was drilled along one of the dotted lines depending on the group being tested. Summary of Groups. The control bones were unaltered and the experimental bones were drilled according to the group in which they were placed. The four-point bend test was selected so that the central portion of the beam was subjected to a uniform bending moment. The bones were attached to a holding apparatus that ensured they maintained the same position when force was applied during each test.
Tibias were tested with a beam span of mm and an upper jig span of mm.
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- Step 1: Tools and Materials.
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Measurements for the fibulas were accordingly adjusted to mm and mm respectively. Software recorded displacement and load bearing capacity in real time. All results were compiled into SPSS for final analysis. Schematic of the four-point bend test set-up. The failure load for the fibulas for these same respective groups showed a decrease of In addition to load bearing capacity, the stiffness for each sample was calculated by taking the maximum force prior to fracture i.
Results of Tibia Stiffness Data. The average percent difference between control and experimental samples is also shown. ANOVA p-value does not report a significant difference in stiffness between each group.
Storm R.I.P. T-Bone 18cm Fish Jig (Incl. Jig Screw)
ANOVA p-value reports a significant difference in load bearing capacity between each group. Results of Fibula Stiffness Data. Finally, when taking into consideration bone length, diameter, and cortical thickness of each of our samples, there was no significant finding that suggested any one of these parameters effected the relative loss in bone strength due to the drill hole.
Though cortical thickness may have an impact on overall bone strength, having a thicker cortical layer did not prevent the drill hole from weakening the bone to the same relative degree compared to other experimental bones with differing cortical thickness regardless of group. Regarding stiffness, our results indicating no significant difference between experimental and control bones did not challenge our initial expectations: while the presence of a drill hole did impact the maximum load bearing capacity depending on the group , it did not change the displacement of the bone at any given force.
This explains why there was no statistically significant difference in stiffness between experimental bones and control bones. Our results also augment the results of prior studies in this realm of orthopedic research.
Though we cannot comment on the impact of drill holes of varying size, we can say that the specific location of any one drill hole will have an impact on overall bone strength relative to an alternative location, validating what was implied as a potential for future study in a report published in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.
Given the irregular shape and density of bone however, we expected there to be unforeseen problems that might confound our data. Although most bones in groups I, II, and III experienced catastrophic failure in the central region between the jig span of the loading actuator where the drill holes were located Fig. These bones most likely had substantial inherent weaknesses that were unforeseen and invalidated their results, since a failure outside the jig span provides no indication on the effect of a drill hole. Such outliers represented only a minority of the bones 3 tibias and 4 fibulas and they, plus their respective contralateral counterpart, were excluded from the final analysis.
Example of tibia specimen that failed directly at the drill hole site. This represented the majority of outcomes.
Jig Of Bones by Donna H. Parker
Example of tibia specimen that failed outside the experimental zone i. Here, there was an inherent weakness in the bone towards the distal end. Note that the area in between the jig span is still intact. The major limitation of our study is its confinement to the lower limb.