Manual J. R. Lucas philosopher on a creative parallel with Plato: An American viewpoint

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Another food beverage, this time non-alcoholic, was originally invented as an alternative to morphine addiction, and to treat headaches and relieve anxiety. Coke's inventor, John Pemberton—a Confederate veteran of the Civil War who himself suffered from a morphine addiction—first invented a sweet, alcoholic drink infused with coca leaves for an extra kick.

He called it Pemberton's French Wine Coca. It would be another two decades before that recipe was honed, sweetened, carbonated and eventually, marketed into what it is today Coca Cola. Serendipity is welcome, but is probably not the best strategy to rely upon. There could be different schools of thoughts, with a tendency to concentrate only on disruptive innovation.

However, we believe that it would be beneficial to have and foster both, and to be explicit about their pros and cons. The pros of incremental innovation are that it can generate news relatively quickly, be it via a scientific publication or the launch of a new product version. In addition to this, in dialectic terms, quantity can lead to quantity and when a critical number of incremental innovations are achieved, it can result in a major breakthrough. The cons of incremental innovation include that it can have a limited impact and may not last for very long has limited memory and will quickly be superseded by new developments.

We thus need to consider the elements of evolutionary systems as above from the perspective of their mapping onto real-world phenomena. Equally important to the evolutionary process, and not entirely separable from the question of the maintenance of diversity in that it can contribute to it, is the nature of the selection regime.

This even includes the construction or understanding of the landscape, for example an ability to construct a diverse landscape with the right fitness. If much of the search involves changing or swapping the various components necessary for a good result, it is first and obviously necessary to have many of them, as well as means of retaining the best ones and creating new ones [ 14 ].

So one recommendation is that to innovate one must read and experiment widely and try many combinations to achieve success [ ]. This route, in fact, is part-and-parcel of Plato's suggestion of manipulating existing knowledge to various ends. This implies a need for multi- and inter-disciplinarity, whether within individuals or in teams. There is also an implication that one should try multiple parallel experiments before selecting too early that which might prove most productive.

There is evidence that this was the strategy used by Microsoft in the early development of what became the W indows operating systems for personal computers [ ]. Incremental innovation is typically characterized by local search, using exploitation to search the landscape, whereas disruptive innovation involves exploration looking further afield, possibly with a greater risk of failure but also perhaps with a greater chance of a notable success.

From this perspective, exploitation makes more sense for smooth landscapes, whereas exploration makes more sense for rugged landscapes.


  • Cut.
  • A Day with Lord Byron (Illustrated).
  • Bibliography.

The ability to broaden the landscape and a high degree of exploration creates opportunities to challenge the existing dogma and thus to lay the path to new discoveries. This confrontational need to oppose dogmas and consecrated knowledge in order to achieve momentous discoveries did not always originate from improved hypotheses about the natural world. This is a broad subject, and in a short article, we cannot possibly hope to be comprehensive.

However, we find that the evolutionary metaphor is indeed extremely and possibly surprisingly useful for understanding diverse processes of innovation both in science and industry.

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It is important to recognize from the beginning which path one wants to pursue—disruptive or incremental innovation. If one would decide to engage in the development of a disruptive innovation, be it in industry or science, two key aspects should be taken into consideration: time and landscape. As discussed in the article, disruptive innovation will have a bigger impact but it could take a long time, for example the recognition of most breakthrough innovations came many years later [ ]. Such a recognition implies that one can seek to promote creativity and innovation by adopting and adapting such evolutionary principles.

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While many centuries separate Plato and Darwin, it seems that Platonic virtue or true virtue may be evolved as well as attained. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. J R Soc Interface. Douglas B. Kell 1 and Elena Lurie-Luke 2. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Oct 28; Accepted Nov This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.

Abstract We rehearse the processes of innovation and discovery in general terms, using as our main metaphor the biological concept of an evolutionary fitness landscape. Keywords: innovation, evolutionary computing, philosophy of science. Nothing is original… all creative work builds on what came before. Kleon, A: Steal like an artist.

New York: Workman, Open in a separate window. Landscape metaphor and search space. Local landscapes relationship between genotype and phenotype for closely related organisms, typically from the same species improvement of a specific parameter, e. The limitations boundaries within the function changes it cannot continue indefinitely limitations of a particular material being evolved e.

Rugged landscapes Sewall Wright's fitness landscape [ 61 ] many products that are quite similar in performance may be based on very different technologies navigation through the landscape 4. Exploitation local changes in genome and phenotype, typically by mutation continuous incremental product improvements 5. Exploration more substantial changes in genotype and phenotype, e.

1. Introduction

A flowchart describing a typical evolutionary algorithm. Product innovation in the evolutionary metaphor Applying these ideas to the design of a new product table 3 , it is easy to see the objective functions or fitnesses as these are set and evaluated by the experimenter developer.

Innovation through recombination 5. Systematic DNA sequencing As is well known, following the development of systematic DNA sequencing [ 87 — 89 ], there was an explosion in our ability to sequence nucleic acid bases that increased for many years at a rate similar to that of Moore's Law until another disruptive innovation, Solexa or Illumina sequencing [ 90 ], was invented. Synthetic fibre Innovation can be facilitated by combining expertise from different domains industries , for example, creating a new fibre by bringing together petroleum-based fibre expertise and biotechnology expertise.

Innovation through directed evolution 5.

Books by Michael M. Dediu (Author of Augustus to Rockefeller)

Directed evolution of proteins A particularly clear example of innovation as evolution comes from the field known as directed evolution. So how can we foster innovation? What would it take to attain the virtue of innovation? Selection and fitness Equally important to the evolutionary process, and not entirely separable from the question of the maintenance of diversity in that it can contribute to it, is the nature of the selection regime.

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Navigation through the landscape Incremental innovation is typically characterized by local search, using exploitation to search the landscape, whereas disruptive innovation involves exploration looking further afield, possibly with a greater risk of failure but also perhaps with a greater chance of a notable success.

Concluding remarks This is a broad subject, and in a short article, we cannot possibly hope to be comprehensive. Acknowledgements D. References 1. Berkun S. The myths of innovation. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly.

Frankelius P. Questioning two myths in innovation literature.

High Technol. Fagerberg J, Verspagen B. Innovation studies-the emerging structure of a new scientific field. Policy 38 , — Scott D. Plato, poetry and creativity. Mnemosyne Supplements. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. Schumpeter J. The theory of economic development. Campbell DT. Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes.