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Table of contents
Unlike Kyoto, no binding emission targets are set in the Paris Agreement. Instead, the procedure of regularly setting ever more ambitious goals and reevaluating these goals every five years has been made binding. In , the British Parliament became the first national government in the world to officially declare a climate emergency. Climate emergency declarations have been made in separate jurisdictions and local governments in 18 countries covering million citizens.
In November the European Parliament declared a "climate and environmental emergency". While the ozone layer and climate change are considered separate problems, the solution to the former has significantly mitigated global warming. The estimated mitigation of the Montreal Protocol , an international agreement to stop emitting ozone-depleting gases, is estimated to have been more impactful than the Kyoto Protocol , which was specifically designed to curb greenhouse gas emissions.
In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. National science academies have called on world leaders for policies to cut global emissions. The report said that preventing such crises will require a swift transformation of the global economy that has "no documented historic precedent".
The global warming problem came to international public attention in the late s. Due to confusing media coverage in the early s, issues such as ozone depletion and climate change were often mixed up, affecting public understanding of these issues. From about onward, American conservative think tanks had begun challenging the legitimacy of global warming as a social problem. They challenged the scientific evidence , argued that global warming would have benefits , warned that concern for global warming was some kind of socialist plot to undermine American capitalism , [] and asserted that proposed solutions would do more harm than good.
Global warming has been the subject of controversy , substantially more pronounced in the popular media than in the scientific literature, [] with disputes regarding the nature, causes, and consequences of global warming. The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air temperature , especially since the midth century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented or within normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is completely or partially an artifact of poor measurements.
Additional disputes concern estimates of climate sensitivity, predictions of additional warming, what the consequences of global warming will be, and what to do about it. In the 20th century and early s some companies, such as ExxonMobil , challenged IPCC climate change scenarios, funded scientists who disagreed with the scientific consensus, and provided their own projections of the economic cost of stricter controls.
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Protests in favour of more ambitious climate action have increased in the s in the form of fossil fuel divestment , [] worldwide demonstrations, [] and a school strike for climate. Cases against fossil-fuel companies, from activists, shareholders and investors , generally seek compensation for loss and damage. In Greco-Roman geography , climate was thought to be simply set by klima , the angle of the midday sun defining bands of latitude which suited different peoples. Theophrastus thought agriculture caused local climate changes.
Colonists expected North American weather to match latitudes, but found winters unexpectedly harsh. Thomas Jefferson and others sought evidence of this warming. Following from Mariotte 's demonstration that glass, though transparent to sunlight, obstructs radiant heat , [] de Saussure showed that non-luminous warm objects emitted "obscure" infrared heat, and in measured heat from the sun with a thermometer in a glass-topped insulated box exposed to sunlight for an hour.
He proposed, by analogy with de Saussure's device, a simple formulation of what was later called the greenhouse effect ; transparent atmosphere lets through visible light, which warms the surface. The warmed surface emits infrared radiation, but the atmosphere is relatively opaque to infrared and slows the emission of energy, warming the planet.
His paper proposed changing concentrations of these gases could have caused "all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal" and would explain ice age changes. Svante Arrhenius noted that water vapour in air continuously varied, but carbon dioxide CO 2 was determined by long term geological processes. At the end of an ice age, warming from increased CO 2 would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.
In , after laborious calculations, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age. Experts thought climate would be self-regulating. Earlier calculations treated the atmosphere as a single layer, Gilbert Plass used digital computers to model the different layers and found added CO 2 would cause warming. Hans Suess found evidence CO 2 levels had been rising, Roger Revelle showed the oceans would not absorb the increase, and together they helped Charles Keeling to begin a record of continued increase, the Keeling Curve.
Research in the s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a newspaper used the term "climate change". This phrase next appeared in a November report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle 's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: "a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result". A MIT report referred to the human impact as "inadvertent climate modification", identifying many possible causes. Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until , when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?
The phrase began to come into common use, and in Mikhail Budyko 's statement that "a global warming up has started" was widely reported. There were increasing heatwaves and drought problems in the summer of , and NASA climate scientist James Hansen 's testimony in the U.
Senate sparked worldwide interest. In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change. Oxford Dictionary chose climate emergency as the word of the year and defines the term as "a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt climate change and avoid potentially irreversible environmental damage resulting from it".
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the causes, nature and effects of the warming and resultant climate change that Earth has been experiencing. For a broader discussion of climate trends throughout Earth's history, see Climate change general concept. For a more specific discussion of recent global warming measurements, see Instrumental temperature record. For the album by Pitbull, see Climate Change album.
Effects of global warming
For other uses, see Global warming disambiguation. Current rise in Earth's average temperature and its effects. Global average temperatures declined for thousands of years, until fossil fuel-based industrialization beginning roughly years ago reversed the decline. Global warming has intensified in recent decades. Scientists have investigated many possible causes of global warming, and have found that accumulation in the atmosphere of greenhouse gases , especially those resulting from humans burning fossil fuels , is the predominant cause.
Main articles: Temperature record of the past years and Instrumental temperature record. Average annual temperature has risen faster on land than on the ice-free surface of the sea. Play media. NASA animation of annual average temperature maps dating from the late 's to modern times. Main article: Attribution of recent climate change. Main articles: Greenhouse gas , Greenhouse effect , and Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere. Further information: Solar activity and climate. Main articles: Climate change feedback and Climate sensitivity. Main article: Global climate model.
Main article: Effects of global warming. Main article: Physical impacts of climate change.
Main article: Climate change and ecosystems. Further information: Effects of global warming on human health , Climate security , Economics of global warming , and Climate change and agriculture. Main article: Climate change mitigation. Main article: Climate change adaptation. Main article: Climate engineering.
Effects of global warming - Wikipedia
Main article: Politics of global warming. Main article: Scientific consensus on climate change. Further information: Public opinion on climate change and Media coverage of climate change. See also: Fossil fuels lobby and climate change denial. Main article: climate movement. Main article: History of climate change science. Global warming portal Science portal. Environmental Protection Agency.
Retrieved 7 August The U. This conclusion is not drawn from any one source of data but is based on multiple lines of evidence, including three worldwide temperature datasets showing nearly identical warming trends as well as numerous other independent indicators of global warming e. Global warming refers to the upward temperature trend across the entire Earth since the early 20th century Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena Unless otherwise specified, warming is expressed relative to the period —, used as an approximation of pre-industrial temperatures in AR5.
Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.
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Deglacial global warming occurred in two main steps from The period from to was likely the warmest year period of the last years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible medium confidence. Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change.