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A SHORT OVERVIEW OF ENGLISH SYNTAX. Based on The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Rodney Huddleston. The University of Queensland.
Table of contents

You-all may be [needing] it one of these days. Is this table your all's? I want you'un all to come out to church next Sunday. They'll catch you-uns all. I don't know where all he sold it at. I don't remember all how we used it. What all kinds of herbs do you have on your porch?

I can remember what all happened, but I can't remember how old I was. Who all was there? Occasionally all is placed after a noun for the same reasons. They'd shear the sheep, and she'd spin the wool, the thread, and make our britches and our shirts all. You'uns is talking about rough country. We'll try another'n , being that'un paid off.

Grammar & Syntax - Oxford University Press

The gooder'ns 's all gone now! This here'un is made out of metal. What one didn't have another'n did.

Early Modern English Syntax and Grammar

Jack is an old hand to coon-hunt, but he never catches nary'un. I don't recollect any of his young'uns. They's all sizes from little'uns to big'uns. All of these are used in restrictive clauses, with that being far more common than any other form regardless of whether its head noun is human or non-human. Nonrestrictive clauses, less frequent than restrictive ones, are introduced by which , who , or that. In addition to whose , thats is attested as infrequent possessive form, but is extremely rare. Contrasting with general usage are the following:.


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That either restrictive or non-restrictive :. Unlike in general usage it may represent the subject of the verb in the relative clause. Human Head Noun: He was the crabbedest old feller i ever I seed. Human Head Noun: He come up to a party i had been a-fighting a bear. Non-Human Head Noun: They was two wagon loads i went out from there. What only restrictive. The relative pronoun what , common in literary portrayals of mountain speech, is virtually non-existent in speech; Hall, for example, collected only one example of it.

Often it is partially absorbed by the following vowel. We used to have a organ, and we don't have it there anymore. Just go on up to the Pole Mountain till you come to a ivy thicket. Before other s the definite article is occasionally reduced to t' , producing t'other s. With the function of t' as an article having been obscured, t'other may itself be modified by the. One or t'other of them whupped the other one.

When one's gone the t'other's proud of it. Originally derived from e'er a from ever a and ne'er a from never a , ary and nary in mountain speech preserve the adjective function of these constructions. According to Hall's observations in the s, ary and nary were somewhat more emphatic than any and none and more likely to refer to singular things or units than to plural ones. We didn't kill ary deer then. We never seed nary another wolf.

If he killed ary'un , it was before my recollection. I never seed a deer nor saw nary'un's tracks. In the Smokies the comparative form of adjectives occasionally differs from general usage. Nothin' [is] gooder than crumbled cornbread and milk. You're nearder to the door than I am.

Double comparatives such as the following are characteristic of Smokies speech:. I'd say I was more healthier back then than I am now. I was getting closer and more closer with every step I took. I think there are worser things than being poor.

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Double superlative forms also occur in Smokies speech. Newport, though, is one of the most liveliest towns that I know of. Doc was the most wealthiest man [in] this part of the country for to buy at that time. The superlative suffix -est is sometimes added redundantly, including on adjectives that are historically superlative or absolute. She could make the bestest [sweetbread] in all the country, we thought. Who got there firstest? Who got there secondest? Who growed the mostest corn?

The superlatives suffix -est may be added to adjectives of two or more syllables that in general speech take the modifier most. Tom Barnes was the completest hunter I was ever acquainted with. He's the disablest one of the family. All my family thought that was the wonderfullest thing ever was.

A Dependency Grammar of English

That's the cheatin'est place at the fair! Daddy said he was the gamest and fightingest little rascal he ever hunted. These are the singin'est children I have ever seen! Ad said Barshia was the thinkin'est boy in the world. He had told somebody she was the workingest girl in the country. Some of these forms have more than one possible interpretation. In Smokies speech a form of big together with the noun it modifies is equivalent to most.

A big majority of the people went to church pretty regular. My father did the big part of the farming. They done the bigger majority of their logging on Laurel Creek. He rode a horse the bigger part of the time. The biggest half of the people does it. The biggest majority down there, they care. She treated it as if it was the onliest one she had. Turkey George Palmer was in the upperest house on Indian Creek. It was just a sled road but it was all the way you could take anything up there.

I reckon that's all the name she had. That's all the one they got here. All the can also modify the positive, comparative, or superlative form of an adjective to express extent. That's all the far I want to go.