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So, too, are the other ill effects of the boom that took place a half-century ago. Locals may remember the jobs, and the bustling processing plant. They perhaps never knew about the out-of-state tycoons who pulled millions in profits from the ground, and then left a big mess behind. And they tend to forget or overlook the abandoned mill waste, the workers sickened by dust and radiation, and the abandoned mines and possible environmental contamination.

Now those old buried memories are being stirred by two very different yet confluent developments: a proposal for a new method of uranium mining in the same area; and new federal studies of the environmental damage caused by the old mines. Together, they form the latest chapters in a story that continues to unfold some six decades after it began amid the clamor and chaos of a yellowcake gold rush. This aerial photograph taken this summer shows the massive expanse of the abandoned Darrow Mine northwest of Edgemont. This mine was one of many that sprung up after uranium was discovered in the area in the s.

Earl Read, a mining foreman in Edgemont, holds up some of the ore from a mining site in Edgemont became a boom town when uranium was being mined, but went bust after the market collapsed and the big company running the industry pulled out.

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On a warm fall day, Oct. For three years, the natural beauty and stillness had been punctured by jackhammers, dynamite explosions and the roar of heavy machinery. Eugenia Chord, the woman in front of the bulldozer, had found some interlopers on her mining claim and told them to leave. They refused. She held her ground. The operator refused.


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She and her husband, Roy, sued Mullen for claim-jumping and won. The rush began in and the boom lasted about 20 years. During those two decades, the town came to be dominated by a massive, Chicago-based holding company known as the Susquehanna Corporation and two of its subsidiaries, Mines Development and Susquehanna-Western. The marriage between Susquehanna and Edgemont brought the town a temporary economic boost, but the divorce left it suffering economic, human health and environmental effects that still fester all these decades later.

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It all began with atomic bombs, a discovery in a canyon wall, and a meeting between a young entrepreneur and a cunning financier. In , with the war over, Congress passed the Atomic Energy Act and empowered a new civilian board, the Atomic Energy Commission, to oversee development of nuclear weapons and energy. A nuclear-arms race with the Soviet Union ensued and the commission clamored to find reliable domestic sources of uranium, the naturally occurring element that is the basic ingredient of nuclear bombs and reactors.

Most of the uranium used in America's atomic program up to that time had come from Africa.

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A massive domestic mining effort was needed, because even a good deposit of ore might contain less than 1 percent uranium, and that uranium might consist of less than 1 percent of the U isotope needed for nuclear bombs. At those ratios, millions of tons of ore had to be mined to make just one or two bombs. South Dakota Gov. Joe Foss takes the first scoop of dirt at the Edgemont uranium mill site during the groundbreaking ceremony June 24, The mining of uranium was seen as a coup for southwestern South Dakota, and while dozens of jobs were temporarily created, today there are abandoned uranium mines and 4 million tons of buried radioactive waste in the Edgemont area.

Those actions birthed a sudden and lucrative uranium market, and prospectors scrambled over the rocky terrain of the West. Buying-stations were soon accepting hundreds of tons of ore daily. In , with the uranium craze already sweeping the West, Rapid City resident Jerry Brennan found a uranium deposit in the Edgemont area. At first, individual prospectors found ore deposits in canyon walls and used tools as rudimentary as pick axes and wheelbarrows to mine it.


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    4. Prospectors could stake claims on government land for small fees, and they could seek claims on private land. That created a tense environment. For some lucky landowners, a uranium strike meant a sudden path to solvency. The first miners in the Edgemont area shipped their ore miles by rail to a buying-station in Colorado. In late , the Atomic Energy Commission contracted with a private company to open a buying-station in Edgemont.

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    By , newspapers were reporting that a stockpile of 30, tons had accumulated. With so much ore on the ground and so much more underground, Edgemont became a candidate for a mill to extract uranium from the ore and process it into yellowcake for nuclear bombs. In , southwestern South Dakota and northeast Wyoming were abuzz with rumors that a multimillion-dollar mill would be built in the area.

    Communities rumored to be in the hunt included Edgemont, and Moorcroft and Newcastle in Wyoming. Newspapers serving the communities published derogatory stories about rival towns. Finally, during the early spring of , word leaked out: The Atomic Energy Commission had selected Mines Development of Colorado — a company unknown to most locals — to build a mill.

    And the location would be Edgemont. Joe Foss delivered the keynote address. Allen Gray, head of Mines Development, the company that built a uranium mill in Edgemont, speaks at the groundbreaking on June 24, Locals celebrated the prospect of a mining industry that brought dozens of jobs, but in later years it left behind abandoned mines, radioactive wastes and declining health for some workers.

    Foss, who had been a World War II flying ace and later became president of the National Rifle Association and commissioner of the American Football League, also manned an Allis-Chalmers tractor-loader and took the first scoop of dirt at the mill site, near the confluence of the Cheyenne River and Cottonwood Creek east of town. Work finally began in August, about two months after the groundbreaking. Construction was one-fourth finished in January when the work halted and 40 or so men left the job site.

    Gordon A. Steele, an automobile dealer in Hot Springs, heard about it and sent a letter to then-Sen. Karl Mundt, R-S. The Steele letter and other letters to and from Mundt were made available for this report by the Karl E. Years later, a Denver Post profile of the babyfaced Gray did not specifically identify those firms but quoted Gray telling a similar story. That try was expended on J. Patrick Lannan, a Chicago financier in his early 50s. Lannan had amassed a fortune from investments in multiple companies and was an associate of the Kennedy family. Rural Edgemont rancher Donald Spencer, 79, remembers the uranium mining rush of the s.

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    In other words, Lannan knew a hot deal when he saw one, and this had all the makings. The ore was piling up at Edgemont and awaiting processing at the partially constructed mill, and the federal government stood ready to buy all the extracted uranium. Lannan and Gray reached an agreement. The full terms did not emerge publicly, but it was soon reported that a holding company of which Lannan was a major stockholder, Chicago North Shore System Inc.

    To the relief of observers in Edgemont, the deal allowed construction of the mill to restart after a 5-day stoppage. Twenty-three years hence, the U. The Edgemont mill was such a success that Susquehanna Corp. By , Gray, the former college instructor who bet his future on a shaky bid to build the Edgemont mill, had risen to become a top executive in a Susquehanna empire that included uranium mills in Riverton, Wyo. And it all started with the Edgemont mill, which was owned and operated by Susquehanna Corp.

    Another Susquehanna subsidiary, Susquehanna-Western, operated mines in the Edgemont area. Yellow-tinted dirt and rock sit at the site of the former Triangle Uranium Mine north of Edgemont in June. Remnants of the mining boom from a half-century ago still remain, including the abandoned Triangle mine and its larger neighbor, the abandoned Darrow Mine.

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    As Susquehanna Corp. Foss in a parade on the day of the mill groundbreaking in , was now complaining that small-time miners were being squeezed out. He was careful not to publicly blame Susquehanna, which he needed to buy his ore. Gray, unlike Chord, did not have to tiptoe around the issue. Gray predicted that the future of uranium lay in selling it to power producers. He cited Atomic Energy Commission statistics that projected U. As the s dawned, Gray had long since been pushed out of Susquehanna Corp. Edgemont was saddled with a shuttered mill and its associated waste piles and abandoned mines.