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But in the second form, the apposition is reversed; and, in the third, the proper name appears to be taken adjectively. Without the article, some names of rivers could not be understood; as,. A similar application of the article in the following sentences, makes a most beautiful and expressive form of compliment: "These are the sacred feelings of thy heart, O Lyttleton, the friend.

In this last example, the noun man is understood after " generous ," and again after " rich ;" for, the article being an index to the noun, I conceive it to be improper ever to construe two articles as having reference to one unrepeated word. Priestley says, "We sometimes repeat the article , when the epithet precedes the substantive; as He was met by the worshipful the magistrates. It is true, we occasionally meet with such fulsome phraseology as this; but the question is, how is it to be explained?

I imagine that the word personages , or something equivalent, must be understood after worshipful , and that the Doctor ought to have inserted a comma there. See, in the original, these texts: "There was a man sent from God," John , i, 6, and, "What is man , that thou art mindful of him? So of other nouns. But the definite article of that language, which is exactly equivalent to our the , is a declinable word, making no small figure in grammar.

It is varied by numbers, genders, and cases; so that it assumes more than twenty different forms, and becomes susceptible of six and thirty different ways of agreement. But this article in English is perfectly simple, being entirely destitute of grammatical modifications, and consequently incapable of any form of grammatical agreement or disagreement--a circumstance of which many of our grammarians seem to be ignorant; since they prescribe a rule, wherein they say, it " agrees ," " may agree ," or " must agree ," with its noun.

Nor has the indefinite article any variation of form, except the change from an to a , which has been made for the sake of brevity or euphony. An eagle is one eagle, and the plural word eagles denotes more than one; but what could possibly be meant by " ans eagles ," if such a phrase were invented? What a sample of grammar is this! The force of what? Of a plural an or a,! The error of the first of these sentences, Dr. Blair has copied entire into his eighth lecture. For the purpose of preventing any erroneous construction of the articles, these rules are utterly useless; and for the purpose of syntactical parsing, or the grammatical resolution of this part of speech, they are awkward and inconvenient.

The syntax of the articles may be much better expressed in this manner: " Articles relate to the nouns which they limit ," for, in English, the bearing of the articles upon other words is properly that of simple relation , or dependence, according to the sense, and not that of agreement , not a similarity of distinctive modifications.

Murray, contrary to Johnson and Webster, considers a to be the original word, and an the euphonic derivative. He says: " A becomes an before a vowel, and before a silent h. But if the h be sounded, the a only is to be used. To this he adds, in a marginal note, " A instead of an is now used before words beginning with u long.

It is used before one. An must be used before words WHERE the h is not silent, if the accent is on the second syllable; as, an heroic action, an historical account. This explanation, clumsy as it is, in the whole conception; broken, prolix, deficient, and inaccurate as it is, both in style and doctrine; has been copied and copied from grammar to grammar, as if no one could possibly better it. Besides several other faults, it contains a palpable misuse of the article itself: " the h " which is specified in the second and fifth sentences, is the " silent h " of the first sentence; and this inaccurate specification gives us the two obvious solecisms of supposing, " if the [silent] h be sounded ," and of locating "words WHERE the [silent] h is not silent!

Before h in an unaccented syllable, either form of the article may be used without offence to the ear; and either may be made to appear preferable to the other, by merely aspirating the letter in a greater or less degree. But as the h , though ever so feebly aspirated has something of a consonant sound, I incline to think the article in this case ought to conform to the general principle: as, " A historical introduction has, generally, a happy effect to rouse attention.

Within two lines of this quotation, the biographer speaks of " an heroic multitude! Thus: "Neither of them had that bold and adventurous ambition which makes a conqueror an hero. Thus Sanborn: "The vowels are a, e, i, o , and u. An should be used before words beginning with any of these letters , or with a silent h. If these rules were believed and followed, they would greatly multiply errors.

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This, if it be worth the search, must be settled by consulting some genuine writings of the twelfth century. In the pure Saxon of an earlier date, the words seldom occur ; and in that ancient dialect an , I believe, is used only as a declinable numerical adjective, and a only as a preposition. In the thirteenth century, both forms were in common use, in the sense now given them, as may be seen in the writings of Robert of Gloucester; though some writers of a much later date--or, at any rate, one , the celebrated Gawin Douglas, a Scottish bishop, who died of the plague in London, in constantly wrote ane for both an and a : as,.

The Rev. M'Culloch, in an English grammar published lately in Edinburgh, says, " A and an were originally ae and ane , and were probably used at first simply to convey the idea of unity; as, ae man, ane ox.

For this idea, and indeed for a great part of his book, he is indebted to Dr. Crombie; who says, "To signify unity, or one of a class, our forefathers employed ae or ane ; as, ae man, ane ox. These authors, like Webster, will have a and an to be adjectives. Johnson says, " A , an article set before nouns of the singular number; as, a man, a tree.

This article has no plural signification. Before a word beginning with a vowel, it is written an ; as, an ox, an egg; of which a is the contraction. Webster says, " A is also an abbreviation of the Saxon an or ane, one , used before words beginning with an articulation; as, a table, instead of an table, or one table. This is a modern change ; for, in Saxon, an was used before articulations as well as vowels; as, an tid, a time, an gear , a year.

A modern change, indeed! By his own showing in other works, it was made long before the English language existed!

He says, " An , therefore, is the original English adjective or ordinal number one ; and was never written a until after the Conquest. This author has long been idly contending, that an or a is not an article , but an adjective ; and that it is not properly distinguished by the term " indefinite.

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If a and one were equal, we could not say, " Such a one ,"--" What a one ,"--" Many a one ,"--" This one thing ;" and surely these are all good English, though a and one here admit no interchange. Nay, a is sometimes found before one when the latter is used adjectively; as, "There is no record in Holy Writ of the institution of a one all-controlling monarchy.

Mark , ii, Alger, the improver of Murray's Grammar, and editor of the Pronouncing Bible, taking this an to be the indefinite article, and perceiving that the h is sounded in hungered , changed the particle to a in all these passages; as, "And his disciples were a hungered. The Greek text, rendered word for word, is simply this: " And his disciples hungered.

An , as I apprehend, is here a mere prefix , which has somehow been mistaken in form, and erroneously disjoined from the following word. If so, the correction ought to be made after the fashion of the following passage from Bishop M'Ilvaine: "On a certain occasion, our Saviour was followed by five thousand men, into a desert place, where they were enhungered.

He that died a Wednesday. That is, on Wednesday. So sometimes before plurals; as, "He carves a Sundays.

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That is, on Sundays. That is, on nights--like the following example: "A pack of rascals that walk the streets on nights. That is, in pieces, or to pieces. Compounds of this kind, in most instances, follow verbs, and are consequently reckoned adverbs; as, To go astray,--To turn aside,--To soar aloft,--To fall asleep. But sometimes the antecedent term is a noun or a pronoun, and then they are as clearly adjectives; as, "Imagination is like to work better upon sleeping men, than men awake.

For example, "You have set the cask a leaking," and, "You have set the cask to leaking," are exactly equivalent, both in meaning and construction. Building is not here a noun, but a participle; and in is here better than a , only because the phrase, a building , might be taken for an article and a noun, meaning an edifice. Examples: "Lastly, they go about to apologize for the long time their book hath been a coming out:" i.

Alexander Murray says, "To be a -seeking, is the relic of the Saxon to be on or an seeking. What are you a-seeking? It means more fully the going on with the process. Lang ,, Vol.

I dissent also from Dr. Murray, concerning the use of the preposition or prefix a , in examples like that which he has here chosen.

After a neuter verb , this particle is unnecessary to the sense, and, I think, injurious to the construction. Except in poetry, which is measured by syllables, it may be omitted without any substitute; as, "I am a walking. Say--"be wandering elsewhere;" and omit the a , in all such cases.

Thus we say, The landlord hath a hundred a year; the ship's crew gained a thousand pounds a man. Whether a in this construction is the article or the preposition, seems to be questionable. It is to be observed that an , as well as a , is used in this manner; as, "The price is one dollar an ounce. Modern merchants, in stead of accenting the a , commonly turn the end of it back; as,. That the article relates not to the plural noun, but to the numerical word only, is very evident; but whether, in these instances, the words few, many, dozen, hundred , and thousand , are to be called nouns or adjectives, is matter of dispute.

Lowth, Murray, and many others, call them adjectives , and suppose a peculiarity of construction in the article;--like that of the singular adjectives every and one in the phrases, " Every ten days,"--" One seven times more. Churchill and others call them nouns , and suppose the plurals which follow, to be always in the objective case governed by of , understood: as, "A few [of] years,"--"A thousand [of] doors;"--like the phrases, "A couple of fowls,"--"A score of fat bullocks.

Neither solution is free from difficulty. For example: "There are a great many adjectives. Now, if many is here a singular nominative, and the only subject of the verb, what shall we do with are? Taken in either of these ways, the construction is anomalous. One can hardly think the word " adjectives " to be here in the objective case, because the supposed ellipsis of the word of cannot be proved; and if many is a noun, the two words are perhaps in apposition, in the nominative. If I say, " A thousand men are on their way," the men are the thousand , and the thousand is nothing but the men ; so that I see not why the relation of the terms may not be that of apposition.

But if authorities are to decide the question, doubtless we must yield it to those who suppose the whole numeral phrase to be taken adjectively ; as, "Most young Christians have, in the course of half a dozen years, time to read a great many pages. Dozen , or hundred , or thousand , when taken abstractly, is unquestionably a noun; for we often speak of dozens, hundreds , and thousands. Few and many never assume the plural form, because they have naturally a plural signification; and a few or a great many is not a collection so definite that we can well conceive of fews and manies ; but both are sometimes construed substantively, though in modern English[] it seems to be mostly by ellipsis of the noun.

Example: "The praise of the judicious few is an ample compensation for the neglect of the illiterate many.