Manual Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 6, Slice 7 Columbus to Condottiere

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Not Available and Not Consulted: J. Fernel, Jean Francois 1.

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Dates: Born: Montdidier, c. Father: Merchant; His father was an substantial furrier and innkeeper. Fernel's marriage testifies to the economic status of the family; his father-in-law was a counselor of the Parlement of Paris. Fernel received a substantial dowry, which he dipped into for the construction of some instruments until conflict arose over this. At this point Fernel laid mathematics aside and discharged the craftsmen and engravers whom he had maintained under his own roof.

Obviously affluent at the least, though wealthy would not be an assumption without support. Education: University of Paris; M. Barbe in Paris in , and received his M. Then he studied philosophy, astronomy, and mathematics until After , he studied medicine, and obtained his venia practicandi and his M. Scientific Disciplines: Medicine; Anatomy; Pharmacology; Subordinate Disciplines: Astronomy; Mathematics; Natural Philosophy; His De naturali parte medicinae , in which he addressed himself to physiology, was read for a century, until Harvey's time.

He introduced the term 'physiology' for the science of the function of the body. In Medicina , he noted the peristalsis and the systole and diastole of the heart. Among his anatomical observations was the earliest description of the spinal canal.


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He also pursued astronomy, mathematics and natural philosophy. He rejected astrology over his career. Means of Support: Medicine; Academic; Patronage; Secondary Means of Support: Personal Means; , Fernel seems only to have studied humane letters and mathematics with no thought of a career. He was supported by his father until , when he began teaching.

Hazon says that he earned 2, livres a year, the best medical income of the age. Fernel was physician-in-chief to the Dauphin, later Henry II. The prince wanted to keep him at court, but Fernel declined until Plancy, Fernel's biographer and close associate, reports that Fernel seldom received less that 10, livres a year and sometimes more than 12, He evidently received 2, livres Tournai for Catherine's last childbirth alone.

The book was sumptuous and appeared to indicate the support of a generous patron. This was also true of two other books published in this period. Hazon says that Fernel cured Catherine de' Medici of sterility, which made his fortune. There is another story about this below. In s, according to the other story Fernel's reputation at court became firmly established when he saved the life of Prince Henry's mistress, Diane de Poitiers.

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Later he also treated Catherine de' Medici, Henry's wife. Fernel treated Francis I in before the king's death. Henry II wanted to keep him as physician-in-chief, but Fernel wanted to stay in Paris instead of moving to Fontainbleau. While Henry was Dauphin, he did keep Fernel at court for two years with a large stipend , much to Fernel's displeasure. Much later, from to , Fernel was physcian to the court. Henry II said that as long as he had Fernel beside him, illness would not be mortal. Technological Connections: Medical Practioner; Fernel's practice thrived sufficiently that he was compelled to give up teaching.

Sherrington, Endeavour of Jean Fernel , Cambridge, Hazon, ed.

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Ferrari, Ludovico 1. Father: Unknown; Ferrari's grandfather was a refugee in Bologna from Milan. This is all that is said of the father.


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Ferrari was orphaned at the age of fourteen. He had not received any formal education. Without any possessions or resources he went to Milan. Can this possibly mean anything other than poverty?

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Education: University of Bologna; Ph. Having received no formal education, he was sent to Milan where he joined the household of Girolamo Cardano in Cardano introduced him to Latin, Greek, and Mathematics. Years later, in , he returned to Bologna where he earned a doctorate in philosophy. All things considered, I think this had to have been an earned degree. Scientific Disciplines: Mathematics; Subordinate Disciplines: Geography; Astronomy; He collaborated with Cardano in researches on the cubic and quartic equations, the results of which were published in the Ars magna He found a method of solving the quartic equation.

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Means of Support: Schoolmaster; Patronage; Secondary Means of Support: Academic; , member of Cardano's household as his amanuensis, disciple, and ultimately collaborator. In , he was appointed by Ferrante Gonzaga, the governor or Milan, public lecturer in mathematics in Milan. In this capacity he gave, inter alia, lessons on the Geography of Ptolemy. Ferrari was then c. Later, he carried out a survey of Milan for the governor of the province. Gherardi's article makes it clear that this was essentially a cartographic survey.

From until his death in , he was lecturer in mathematics at the University of Bologna 8. Cardano introduced him to mathematics and employed him as amanuensis. He was in the service of Ercole Gonzaga, Cardinal of Mantua, for eight years, and to the cardinal he dedicated the cartelli in the mathematical contest with Tartaglia.

At the request of the cardinal's brother, Ferrante, then governor of Milan, he carried out a survey of that province. He received an offer from Emperor Charles V, who wanted a tutor for his son. Technological Connections: Architecture; Cartography; I am accepting the single word in Gherardi that Ferrari was, inter alia, an architect.

On cartography see above. Scientific Societies : Friendship and collaboration with Cardano.

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 3

Feud with Niccolo Tartaglia, which was caused by the publication of the Ars magna in Ferrari and N. Tartaglia , Brescia, Riccardi, Biblioteca matematica italiana , 1 , Fantuzzi, Notizie degli scittori bolognesi , Bologna, , 3 , Tiraboschi, Storia della letteratura italiana , Firenze, , 7. Gherardi, 'Lettera del Prof. Ferrari,' Nuovi annali delle scienze naturali.

III, 1 , Arnaldo Masotti, 'Sui cartelli di mathematica disfida scambiati fra Lodovico Ferrari e Niccolo Tartaglia, Rendiconti dell'Istituto lombardo di scienze e letter , 94 , pp. Education: Religious Orders; His first studies were on his own at the convent of the Minims. He was sent to Marseille to study theology, and there he also discovered mathematics and astonomy.

He took his vows in at Avignon. I find the equivalent of a B. He was placed in the convent as a young child. He took his vows in In he set off for South America a second time with letters of recommedations from the minister of France. One of the results of this trip was a more accurate map of the Chilean coast. He also mapped Buenos Ayres and the Plata. He made astronomical observations, and he collected both plants and animals, even doing dissections of some of the animals. He brought back natural historical specimens of all sorts. He published his observations made during his several trips in and In he was correcteur of the community of Notre-Dame de Vie, near Venusque, and then he was in monasteries at Arles and Marseille.

He was named mathematician to the King in , which involved nothing much beyond the title. However, in the king bestowed a pension on him along with the observatory. In he was appointed royal mathematician. In , in recognition of his useful services and explorations Louis XIV awarded him a pension and had the observatory at Marseilles built for him. He did a map of the coast of Chile, and the establishment of the longitude of Hierro Island was undoubtedly also a project in cartography. That early trip to the Levant certainly sounds like cartography, and I assume the later ones to South America were also.

Note that they were closely tied to navigational needs and could easily be listed under that category also. The commission for the second trip to South America explicitly said that the purpose of his observations was to perfect geography in order to establish secure navigation. Though only five pages, this is still the best account I have been able to find. Not Available and Not Consulted: P.

Autran, Essai historique sur P. Saint-Yves, Un voyageur bas-alpin , These last three items all come from the Dictionnaire de biographie francaise. I suspect that they are journal articles, and I have not made any further effort to track them down. I assume prosperous.