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Table of contents
Ultimately, fire had a significant influence on the size and social interactions of early hominid communities. The control of fire enabled important changes in human behavior, health, energy expenditure, and geographic expansion.
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Humans were able to modify their environments to their own benefit. Evidence of more complex management to change biomes can be found as far back as , to , years ago at a minimum. Furthermore, activity was no longer restricted to daylight hours due to the use of fire. Exposure to artificial light during later hours of the day changed humans' circadian rhythms , contributing to a longer waking day. Many of these behavioral changes can be attributed to the control of fire and its impact on daylight extension. The cooking hypothesis proposes the idea that the ability to cook allowed for the brain size of hominids to increase over time.
The supporting evidence of the cooking hypothesis argues that compared to the nutrients in the raw food, nutrients in cooked food are much easier to digest for hominids as shown in the research of protein ingestion from raw vs. Besides the brain, other organs in the human body also demand a high level of metabolism. Genus Homo was able to break through the limit by cooking food to lower their feeding time and be able to absorb more nutrients to accommodate the increasing need for energy.
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Before the advent of fire, the hominid diet was limited to mostly plant parts composed of simple sugars and carbohydrates such as seeds, flowers, and fleshy fruits. Parts of the plant such as stems, mature leaves, enlarged roots, and tubers would have been inaccessible as a food source due to the indigestibility of raw cellulose and starch. Cooking, however, made starchy and fibrous foods edible and greatly increased the diversity of other foods available to early humans.
Toxin-containing foods including seeds and similar carbohydrate sources, such as cyanogenic glycosides found in linseed and cassava , were incorporated into their diets as cooking rendered them non-toxic. Cooking could also kill parasites , reduce the amount of energy required for chewing and digestion, and release more nutrients from plants and meat. Due to the difficulty of chewing raw meat and digesting tough proteins e. With its high caloric density and store of important nutrients, meat thus became a staple in the diet of early humans.
As a result of the increases in net energy gain from food consumption, survival and reproductive rates in hominids increased. In this way too it facilitates population growth. Before their use of fire, the hominid species had large premolars which were used to chew harder foods such as large seeds. In addition, due to the shape of the molar cusps, it is inferred that the diet was more leaf or fruit—based.
In response to consuming cooked foods, the molar teeth of Homo erectus had gradually shrunk, suggesting that their diet had changed from crunchier foods such as crisp root vegetables to softer cooked foods such as meat. Today, you can see the smaller jaw volume and teeth size of humans in comparison to other primates.
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Due to the increased digestibility of many cooked foods, less digestion was needed to procure the necessary nutrients. As a result, the gastrointestinal tract and organs in the digestive system decreased in size. This is in contrast to other primates, where a larger digestive tract is needed for fermentation of long carbohydrate chains. Thus, humans evolved from the large colons and tracts that are seen in other primates to smaller ones. According to Wrangham, control of fire allowed hominids to sleep on the ground and in caves instead of trees and led to more time being spent on the ground.
This may have contributed to the evolution of bipedalism as such an ability became increasingly necessary for human activity. Critics of the hypothesis argue that while there is a linear increase in brain volume of the genus Homo over time, adding fire control and cooking does not add anything meaningful to the data. Species such as Homo ergaster existed with large brain volumes during time periods with little to no evidence of fire for cooking. Little variation exists in the brain sizes of Homo erectus dated from periods of weak and strong evidence for cooking. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the process of suppressing or more extinguishing a fire, see Fire control. For components that assist weapon systems, see Fire-control system. Aspect of human history. Hominin timeline. This box: view talk edit. Homo habilis. Homo erectus. Homo sapiens. Earlier apes. Gorilla split. Possibly bipedal. Chimpanzee split. Earliest bipedal. Stone tools. Exit from Africa. Earliest fire use. Earliest cooking. Earliest clothes. See also: Life timeline and Nature timeline. February Current Anthropology.
Archived from the original PDF on 12 December Retrieved 4 April Retrieved 27 October An international team led by the University of Toronto and Hebrew University has identified the earliest known evidence of the use of fire by human ancestors. The New York Times. Retrieved 6 July Retrieved 12 November Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. UNM Press. Retrieved 19 August Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Thames and Hudson, p. BBC News.
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Bibcode : Sci Domanski M. August Xu; P. Goldberg; J. Liu; O.
Bar-Yosef Journal of Quaternary Science. Bibcode : JQS Scientific Reports. Discover Magazine. Retrieved 13 November Retrieved 23 November International Business Times. Social Life of Early Man. Journal of Human Evolution. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology.
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Perry, and A. Di Rienzo. National Library of Medicine, 21 August Evolutionary Anthropology. News in Science. Retrieved 7 October Retrieved 6 December Control of fire by early humans Historic fires Native American use of fire in ecosystems. Chain reaction Combustion Fire ecology Flash point Pyrolysis. Studies on ammonia-treated straw. The effects of type and level of ammonia, moisture, content and treatment time on the digestibility in vitro and enzyme soluble organic matter of oat straw Anim. Technol, 7, Ammoniated rice straw or untreated straw supplemented with a molasses-urea block for growing cattle in Vietnam.
Voluntary intake and digestibility of barley straw as influenced by variety and supplementation with either barley grain or cottonseed cake. Theix, I.