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That which represents the person or thing spoken about; and, 2. That which is said about such person or thing. The Subject is the name of that about which something is asserted, and is generally a substantive, a pronoun, an adjective used substantively, cr a phrase. Subjects are of three kinds, — Simple, Compound, and Complex. A subject is called Simple when it consists of only one sub- stantive : as, — Kvpos avifit , — Cyrus went up.

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The subject to a verb in the indicative, subjunctive, or impera- tive mood, is put in the nominative case ; to a verb in the infinitive, it is put in the accusative. BaciXevs iirfXevae,— The king gave orders. The Predicate is that which is asserted of the subject; and is either a a verb, or b a substantive, adjective, or participle connected with the subject by part of one of the verbs to be, exist, become, be named, be elected, and such like : as, — Kvpos subj.

Kvpos ty Tats Aapelov, — Cyrus was the son of Darius. The clauses of a Compound Sentence are either 1. Principal or independent ; or, 2. Subordinate or dependent. A Principal Clause is one which makes a leading assertion ; its construction does not depend on any other clause. A Subordinate Clause is one which makes a statement explanatory of, or contingent on, the principal clause ; as, — He sends for Cyrus from the province principal , — of which he had made him satrap subordinate.

When the subject or the verb of a clause is suppressed, the clause is called a contracted one : as, — Kvpos avifiri, Kal dSe i. Rule I. Aapeios viruiirreve, — Darius suspected. Rule II. The subject is very often omitted in the third person also, when it is easily supplied by the context. Rule III. Compare Virg.

Lalinus vehitur ; — it Turnus. But the verb is plural when the idea of individuality is to be distinctly brought out : as, — QavepcL tfcrav Kal tinrwv Kal dvOpiciruv ix vr ifoKKd, — Many foot-prints, both of horses and of men, were distinctly seen. A masculine or feminine subject in the plural is sometimes joined with a singular verb. A dual subject is often joined with a plural verb ; and occasionally a dual verb with a plural subject. In poetry, the dual and plural are often used indifferently in the same sentence.

Rule IV. Rule V. Ot dvdpcoTroL dv-qroi, — Men are mortal. Bale I. Ta irpa. And thus, — 3. Eule II. J But the relative is often attracted into the case of the antecedent substantive. Ii The term "adjective" hi this and the following articles includes the relative pro- noun. When the relative pronoun refers to a substantive which is ex- plained by another substantive in the relative clause, it may agree with the antecedent substantive, or with the explanatory one. Aoyoi, S. See p. Ot iraiSts elaiv dviapbv, — Boys are a plague. Sometimes the adjective is made to agree neither with the substantive expressed nor with that which would represent the notion implied, but with a totally different substantive, which occurred to the author's mind when writing.

The masculine dual of an adjective is often joined, more particu- larly in the Attic poets, with feminine substantives.

Hence substantives are often omitted with the article: as, — - Td. The Article, 6, ij, t6, is an adjective with a slight irregularity of inflexion, and agrees with substantives, just like any other adjective. But it possesses some peculiarities of its own, which must be mentioned separately. The article was originally a demonstrative pronoun ; in which char- acter it is very frequently used by Homer and the other poets, and even by Attic prose writers. Homer often uses it where we employ a relative. In Attic it is used as a demonstrative most frequently in the fol- lowing instances : — a "When joined with fx.

The article corresponds in the main with the English definite article, and is used to point distinctly to an object or a class , to render it prominent, and thus to distinguish it from others, or oppose it to others. Hence it points to what is known, or supposed to be well known, as being previously mentioned, or otherwise notorious: as, — Kvpov fxeTairlfnreTai. T7]s, — The well-known Socrates. The article often has a distributive force : as, — Toi" iirjvbs, — By the month ; i. But 6 dyadbs dvqp would simply mean, the good man.

The article denotes a class, even with singular nouns : as, — 02 ttoXitcu, — The citizens as a body. ToO otvov wiveiv, — To drink of this wine. The article is occasionally found in the Tragedians, as equal to a relative. In Homer, Herodotus, and other earlier writers, this usage is common. The article is often used substantively, and with a noun in the geni- tive, to indicate something belonging to that which the noun denotes: as, 02 tZevcxpGivTos, — Xenophon's men, or troops.

Td pera raura, — What follows. But the article is often omitted in Greek where our English idiom would lead us to expect it : — 1. Updtcvr] iyive. Substantive verbs; as, tlvai, virapxtiv : 2. Our English idiom would lead us to expect tovto for ovtos.

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The Nominative is used to express the subject of the sentence, or the substantival predicate see chap. Lpet, — Cyrus goes up. Kvpos fy fiacrCkevs, — Cyrus was king. The vocative is used in expressions of address : as, — "AvSpes 0-Tpa. The Accusative expresses the direct object of an action indicated by a transitive verb. It answers to the questions, Whom? To what place?

During what time?

Kule I. Heldei rbv Kpirfy, — He persuades the judge. See chap. Any verb, whether it be transitive or intransitive, may govern, in the accusative, a substantive of kindred signification i. Tovrov rbv Klvdvvov Kivbvvtvow, — I shall incur this danger.

Bule II. Mtj Kpuipris ttjv duyaripa rbv 6o. KpviTTetv tl irpbt riva, — To conceal a thing from a person. TT s rb 6vop. The neuters of pronouns and numerals are very frequently used in this way ; also such phrases as, — rb vdv elvai, with regard to the present. Rule IY. Also the value : as, — '0 olykos StWrat eirra.

Prepositions when compounded with other words often govern the same case as they do in the simple form, f [N. Many intransitive verbs of motion, when compounded with the prepositions Sid, fj.

The accusative is used in adjurations and exclamations see also chap. The accusative is used in Greek with many verbs whose Latin equivalents take a different case dat. Heideirb TrXijdos, — He persuades the multitude. ED Troieiv tijv irarpida, — To benefit one's country. Many verbs in Greek govern the accusative in conjunction with another case the gen. As the accusative denotes the direct or immediate object, so the Dative represents the indirect or remote object.

Hence, — 2. Ai'T I5 direv 6 Kijpios, — The master said to him. The dative indicates the individual benefited or injured in any way tlittirus commodi, or incommodi , which may be expressed as follows: — Rule II. Avrip Xvp. The principle of " advantage or disadvantage," laid down in Art. For the peculiarities of each the student must consult a Lexicon. Under one or other of the classes in Art. Uddos taov davdrcp, — A calamity equal to death. Friendly, kind, useful, profitable, suitable, necessary.