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Table of contents
This chapter begins a series of individual country studies of the macroeconomic aspects of the industrial revolution. The broad proposition is that each of the major European economies actually faced roughly similar economic pressures during the period to , but that economic endowments, population growth and the political style of the individual countries sometimes produced distinctively different responses to the economic pressures unleashed by the industrial revolution. Even so, the parallels are obvious, since not only did Western Europe lead the way toward industrialization, but the nations of the group considered here did so in ways that are actually strikingly similar on the whole.
This, in itself, is sufficient to suggest that broad models — macroeconomic models in this case — might produce broadly similar results across countries. After all, the countries considered are almost the complete set of advanced countries at the time of the first industrial revolution and hence were not subject to domination economically, except among themselves. Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF. Skip to main content.
The words were recorded in Ecclesiastes The music was later provided by Pete Seeger in AD. This also agrees with the appropriate time of year for a census, called for by Augustus Caesar 31 BC — 14 AD , requiring all to return to their place of birth to be counted. Spring is the appropriate time for travel. As Emperor Constantine had converted to Christianity, he felt it was appropriate that the rest of the Empire should follow suit.
This change was fertile ground for the creation of many new songs. The Guitarra Latina had curved sides and is thought to have come to Spain from elsewhere in Europe. The Guitarra Morisca, as brought to Spain by the Moors, had an oval sound box and many sound holes on its soundboard. It was named in honor of Pope St.
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Gregory the Great and used formally in all church services. Through the influence of the Church, the new form of music spread quickly toward the West. Oud-like instruments such as the Ancient Greek Pandoura and the Roman Pandura likely made their way to the Iberian Peninsula much earlier than the oud, but it was the royal houses of Al-Andalus that cultivated the level of oud playing and raised the popularity of the instrument. The most famous oud player of Al-Andalus was Zyriab.
He established the first music conservatory in Spain and added a fifth course to the instrument. The European version of the oud came to be known as the lute luth in French, laute in German, liuto in Italian, luit in Dutch, and alaud in Spanish. Unlike the oud the European lute introduced frets usually tied gut. Construction of the oud is similar to the lute. The back of the instrument is made of thin wood staves, edge-glued together.
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The instrument usually has an odd number of staves: a center stave rather than a center seam. Contrasting trim pieces are often used between staves. Patterns and wood species generally vary between luthiers. The top is generally made of two book-matched pieces of spruce. Transverse spruce braces are glued to the underside of the top. The necks were generally made of a single piece of wood and veneered in a striped pattern similar to that of the back.
The peghead meets the neck at a severe angle. The topics were still courtly love and secular pleasures. The Guitarra Latina, however, eventually evolved into the Guitar. An example has survived from around The increasing reliance on the interval of the third as a consonance is one of the most pronounced features of early Renaissance European art music in the Middle Ages, thirds had been considered dissonances: see interval. Polyphony, in use since the 12th century, became increasingly elaborate with highly independent voices throughout the 14th century: the beginning of the 15th century showed simplification, with the voices often striving for smoothness.
Stringed instruments gained strings to extend their usable range. The modal as opposed to tonal characteristics of Renaissance music began to break down towards the end of the period with the increased use of root motions of fifths.
Timeline of Musical Styles & Guitar History - Acoustic Music
This later developed into one of the defining characteristics of tonality. The Italian humanist movement, rediscovering and reinterpreting the aesthetics of ancient Greece and Rome, influenced the development of musical style during the period. The first guitars are thought to have originated during the 15th Century in Spain.
However the Lute was consistently favored by the public over the Guitar until the end of the 15th Century. When I heard it in Calaonia, it was being used much more often by women to accompany love songs, than by men. We should preserve the tradition of our elders. It used gut strings in six courses and was played with a pick, unlike the other early guitar forms, which were bowed.
Seven manuscripts survived; written for the upper classes. The music was transcribed in a form of tablature. Note the fifths in the former. Copernicus was the first to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology with the sun — not the earth — at the center of the universe. These include pieces for 5 course guitar.
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The addition of the 5th course was attributed to Vicente Espinel. This, in theory, would help eliminate any trace of secularism that had crept into the church. The need for soprano and alto parts in harmony was filled by young boys. The problem was that their voices tended to drop with puberty at about the same time that they were well trained and familiar with the ever more difficult singing parts.
The solution in Italy was castration. This tended to preserve the high voices. The practice was common by In essence, he solved the problem of equal temperment. Chu Tsai-yu devised that the 5ths can be tempered not by the relative lengths of the pipes but by the ratios of their sizes. He calculated a formula that yielded a scale of evenly spaced notes where the semitones fit properly into the octave. Ironically, the discovery was irrelevant to Chinese musical theory, which was based upon a 5 tone scale.
The Jesuit Priest Matteo Ricci, as part of a group of Jesuit Missionaries in the Southern port of Macao, appears to have passed the information out of China around See The complex harmonies were secular in nature and told tales of grief or love. In The Beginning — Renaissance Period — Baroque Period — Classical Period — Romantic Period — — present The use of specific musical instruments follows public tastes in musical styles.
This notion is customarily offered as an inspiration of the Baroque. The move toward a populist conception of the function of ecclesiastical art is seen by many art historians as driving the innovations of Caravaggio and the Carracci brothers, all of whom were working in Rome at that time. The appeal of the Baroque style shifted consciously from the witty, intellectual qualities of 16th century Mannerist art to a visceral appeal aimed at the senses.
It used direct, simple, obvious, and dramatic iconography. Baroque art drew on certain broad and heroic tendencies in Annibale Carracci and his circle and flourished with artists such as Caravaggio, and Federico Barocci. Germinal ideas of the Baroque can also be found in the work of Michelangelo and Correggio. Baroque music used contrasting phrase lengths, harmony and counterpoint replacing polyphony and orchestral color made a stronger appearance.
During the Baroque period, a 5th course of 2 strings was added and several publications, especially for Guitarists were produced. At the end of the Baroque period the courses were replaced by single strings and a final string was added to create the six-stringed Guitar of today. In Europe musicians and artists were generally supported by the church, the state and the rich. This patronage system had been practiced in Italy for hundreds of years, Including the late s and early s when Michelangelo worked as a sculptor and artist for the Medici family in Florence.
During the Baroque period the 5 course guitar effectively replaced the 4 and 6 course vihuela instruments and the tuning was largely standardized with notable exceptions to ADGBE. Note that this matches the current standard tuning of the top 5 strings. In his notes and papers was the formula for equal temperment by Chu Tsai-yu from The timing was perfect — equal temperment was the issue of the day with advancements in harmony and composition.
It would be many years before the issues were fully resolved and the refined scale was hotly debated. It was not until the era of Beethoven that the equally tempered scale was fully adopted by Western composers. Charles was a guitar player as well. Corbetta was dedicated to Louis XIV. It served to increase the popularity of the guitar. Newton demonstrated that the motions of objects on earth and celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws. This removed remaining doubts about heliocentrism see and set the stage for advances in the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries.
He had been an apprentice to Nicolo Amati and created some of the most treasured violins in history during his golden period: and As a Luthier, he fashioned many different types of instruments including a very small number of guitars between and Surviving examples are maple backed and have ebony fretboards and inlays and a scale length of 74 cm. He is said to have built or collaborated on more than 1, instruments total.
Approximately instruments survive today. He is noted for various innovations in harpsichord construction and especially for the invention of the piano. Nor is it to be denied that after the pinching way, the ghittar makes some good work. The mechanical action had hammers that tapped the heavy string courses and a shift so the hammer would play only one of the two strings for lower volume. The idea was not immediately popular in Italy. Harpsichord players found the touch difficult to master and were not comfortable with the unfamiliar tone. While still tightly linked to the court culture and absolutism, with its formality and emphasis on order and hierarchy, the new style was cleaner — one that favored a clearer division between parts, brighter contrasts and colors, and simplicity rather than complexity.
This taste for structural clarity worked its way into the world of music, moving away from the layered polyphony of the Baroque period, towards a style where a melody over a subordinate harmony — a combination called homophony — was preferred. This meant that the playing of chords, even if they interrupted the melodic smoothness of a single part, became a much more prevalent feature of music.
This, in turn, made the tonal structure of works more audible. Changes in the economic and in social structure also moved the new style forward. As the 18th century progressed, the nobility became the primary patrons of instrumental music, and there was a rise in the public taste for comic opera.
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One way to trace this decline of the continuo and its figured chords is to examine the decline of the term obbligato meaning a mandatory instrumental part in a work of chamber music.