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The reason is that all life on earth is carbon-based. This means that anything that was ever alive contains carbon atoms. Carbon dating can be used to date the age of anything that was made from organic material, including man-made objects, and anything else that was at one time alive. Time also changes with perspective. This can be best explained by looking at the different ways in which time is categorized. Here's a list of just some of the modes of expression for time:. The world of subatomic particles expresses extremely short, precise periods of time.


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The atomic year of hydrogen, for example, is 10 to the minus sixteenth power that's one divided by the number 10 with 16 zeroes after it. This is infinitely short compared to an earth year. Yet the atomic year is incredibly long compared to the life span of many nuclear particles, which are millions of times shorter. The time scale at this microcosmic level is often counted in nanoseconds. And another area where time is this short is inside of a computer. For example, it may take a signal 12 nanoseconds to get from one place to another, which in some cases is a long time, but very short compared to snapping your finger.

Radioactivity is another form of atomic time. There are certain forms of atoms that are unstable and after a while decay into more stable forms. For example, the nucleus of a carbon atom contains six protons and six neutrons and is known as carbon There is also another form or isotope of carbon, carbon, whose nucleus contains six protons and eight neutrons.

During the process of radioactive decay, one of the extra neutrons emits a negatively charged electron and becomes a positively charged proton. Presto chango, abracadabra, the unstable carbon nucleus had changed into a stable nitrogen nucleus with seven protons and seven neutrons. What's really cool about this is that every 5, years, exactly half of a given number of carbon nuclei will decay into nitrogen nuclei. And every year after that the amount will be half of the year before. In other words, if you started with one million carbon atoms, 5, years later you would have , carbon atoms.

And 5, years after that you would have , carbon atoms. That period of time is called the half-life of carbon atoms.

The Universe Is Haunted: Reflections on the “Nature of Nature”

All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Quantum theory describes the Universe at the tiniest possible scale - about 10 metres about 10 20 times smaller than the radius of a proton. It predicts that on this scale the apparently smooth fabric of space and time must degenerate into a kind of 'foam' in which connections between different points are constantly appearing and vanishing.

Physicists have long been trying to figure out how the fuzzy nature of space-time at this tiny scale can give rise to the large four-dimensional Universe we see around us, as described by Einstein's theory of relativity. Scientists studying the problem assume that each tiny piece of the foam is a kind of four-dimensional triangle, with three dimensions of space and one corresponding to time.

The smooth fabric of space-time can be built up by gluing these triangular tiles together, just as a smoothly curved surface can be made from flat, two-dimensional tiles.


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  4. Because the quantum foam fluctuates through all kinds of configurations, constructing the physical Universe means adding up all the possible tiling patterns. You might think that this would inevitably generate a four-dimensional Universe - but it doesn't. Earlier researchers found that they got a space-time with either an infinite number of dimensions or just two. Neither of these looks at all like our Universe. To the extent that there are people in the universe, then God is personal. God is the substrate out of which people are built, including yourself.

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    What could be more personal? To the extent that consciousness is part of the universe, then at least part of God is conscious, too. But in this context, God is also bigger than a person. Even rocks and planets are a tiny part of God. He would be bound by the laws of logic, for example.

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    It just seems weird to me to think of a solely-personal God that operates in a system which is larger and more powerful than he is. Instead of God being a person acting in a larger system, it makes sense to talk about God as being the system itself. Nothing is outside of it, larger than it, or more powerful than it. Nothing is higher than God if God is the structure for all of existence. That being said, we can also talk as if it has a kind of personality. The universe is constructed in such a way to generate living things that have the capacity to love. Perhaps God is all of existence, and if you put together all of existence, you get a person.

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    That would be remarkable indeed. This way of understanding God can also apply to lesser gods. Suddenly, they make sense if they are understood as real, abstract forces and patterns in the universe, rather than supernatural people. The god of Love, for example — the real force of love in the world — can be spoken about as if she had a personality. The god of Wine makes people do silly things. The god of War has his own destructive personality. They are powerful and immortal. With this context, you can see how clever it is to build stories about the gods — their personalities, relationships among themselves, including their various marriages, children, and partners, and about the relationship between the gods and humans.

    It makes sense to say,. These lesser gods are different from the Big God. Lesser gods are specific forces and patterns in reality. They are themselves deferent to the Big God — the totality of reality itself. This way of thinking also helps me make sense of the debate between monotheists and polytheists. Are there multiple gods, or just one? Polytheism makes sense when understood in the Greek god example.

    There are many powerful, immortal forces that control what happens on Earth. Monotheism makes sense when talking about the biggest-possible picture. Therefore, there is only one universe, one reality, one God.

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    Is this Pantheism? Is it Panentheism? Pantheism is the idea that everything is divine or of God. Panentheism is the idea that everything is within God, but not everything is divine, and God might be bigger than the universe. The universe studied by Physics might only be a small part of God. If all parts of existence are in God, then they are still of God — as something in existence is a part of existence, from what I can tell.