Remember implies that a thing exists in the memory, though not actually present in the thoughts at 1, 2. forget. British Dictionary definitions for remembering.
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- From Classical times to 1604
- Oxford Dictionary of English - Oxford Reference
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In Ambrogio Calepino 's Dictionarium was published, originally a monolingual Latin dictionary, which over the course of the 16th century was enlarged to become a multilingual glossary. In Robert Estienne published the Thesaurus linguae latinae and in his son Henri Estienne published the Thesaurus linguae graecae , which served up to the 19th century as the basis of Greek lexicography. It served as the model for similar works in French and English.
Between and was published the Vocabulario portughez e latino written by Raphael Bluteau. The Totius Latinitatis lexicon by Egidio Forcellini was firstly published in ; it has formed the basis of all similar works that have since been published.
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The first edition of A Greek-English Lexicon by Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott appeared in ; this work remained the basic dictionary of Greek until the end of the 20th century. In the same year appeared the first volume of the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal which was completed in The Duden dictionary dates back to , and is currently the prescriptive source for the spelling of German. The decision to start work on the Svenska Akademiens ordbok was taken in The earliest dictionaries in the English language were glossaries of French, Spanish or Latin words along with their definitions in English.
The word "dictionary" was invented by an Englishman called John of Garland in — he had written a book Dictionarius to help with Latin "diction". The only surviving copy is found at the Bodleian Library in Oxford. This dictionary, and the many imitators which followed it, was seen as unreliable and nowhere near definitive. Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield was still lamenting in , years after Cawdrey's publication, that it is "a sort of disgrace to our nation, that hitherto we have had no… standard of our language; our dictionaries at present being more properly what our neighbors the Dutch and the Germans call theirs, word-books, than dictionaries in the superior sense of that title.
In , John Bullokar described the history of the dictionary with his "English Expositor". Glossographia by Thomas Blount , published in , contains more than 10, words along with their etymologies or histories. Or a General Dictionary" which boldly plagiarized Blount's work, and the two denounced [ clarification needed ] each other.
This created more interest in the dictionaries. John Wilkins ' essay on philosophical language contains a list of 11, words with careful distinctions, compiled by William Lloyd.
From Classical times to 1604
Many people today mistakenly believe that Johnson wrote the first English dictionary: Johnson's masterwork could be judged as the first to bring all these elements together, creating the first "modern" dictionary. Johnson's dictionary remained the English-language standard for over years, until the Oxford University Press began writing and releasing the Oxford English Dictionary in short fascicles from onwards.
It took nearly 50 years to complete this huge work, and they finally released the complete OED in twelve volumes in It remains the most comprehensive and trusted English language dictionary to this day, with revisions and updates added by a dedicated team every three months. One of the main contributors to this modern dictionary was an ex-army surgeon, William Chester Minor , a convicted murderer who was confined to an asylum for the criminally insane. In Webster began compiling an expanded and fully comprehensive dictionary, An American Dictionary of the English Language; it took twenty-seven years to complete.
Webster completed his dictionary during his year abroad in in Paris, France, and at the University of Cambridge. His book contained seventy thousand words, of which twelve thousand had never appeared in a published dictionary before. As a spelling reformer , Webster believed that English spelling rules were unnecessarily complex, so his dictionary introduced American English spellings, replacing "colour" with "color", substituting "wagon" for "waggon", and printing "center" instead of "centre".
He also added American words, like "skunk" and "squash", that did not appear in British dictionaries.
Oxford Dictionary of English - Oxford Reference
At the age of seventy, Webster published his dictionary in ; it sold copies. In , the second edition was published in two volumes. In a general dictionary, each word may have multiple meanings. Some dictionaries include each separate meaning in the order of most common usage while others list definitions in historical order, with the oldest usage first.
In many languages, words can appear in many different forms, but only the undeclined or unconjugated form appears as the headword in most dictionaries. Dictionaries are most commonly found in the form of a book, but some newer dictionaries, like StarDict and the New Oxford American Dictionary are dictionary software running on PDAs or computers. There are also many online dictionaries accessible via the Internet. According to the Manual of Specialized Lexicographies , a specialized dictionary , also referred to as a technical dictionary, is a dictionary that focuses upon a specific subject field.
Following the description in The Bilingual LSP Dictionary , lexicographers categorize specialized dictionaries into three types: A multi-field dictionary broadly covers several subject fields e. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: Along the way, it had passed through Germany's ambassador in Washington, D.
At the time, America was not involved in the Great War. But the message also showed that Germany was afraid. An escalation of submarine warfare could provoke the United States, compelling it to abandon its isolationist policies and enter the war. If that happened, Germany hoped to distract the U. Upon realizing the message's significance, de Grey immediately sprinted to the office of his superior, William Reginald "Blinker" Hall. The "codebreakers held history in the palm of their hands. When a select few in the U. The British assuaged those doubts by acquiring a fresh copy of the coded telegram and handing it over to the Americans.
On February 23, a U.
The diplomat immediately contacted President Wilson. When Wilson saw it, he was shocked and insulted. About one week later, he leaked the message to the press. Americans were similarly outraged. As for Mexico, the country knew it was getting a raw deal and never took Germany's bait.
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Reclaiming the American southwest—what was formerly Mexican territory before the Mexican-American War in the s—was a recipe for disaster. Besides, Germany would have never been able to help anyway: They were blocked by the British Navy. By early April, the secret code had compelled the U. The work had 14 editions, the last as late as Still in the tradition of hard words was the next work, in , by Henry Cockeram, the first to have the word dictionary in its title: It added many words that have never appeared anywhere else— adpugne , adstupiate , bulbitate , catillate , fraxate , nixious , prodigity , vitulate , and so on.
He made an important forward step in lexicographical method by collecting words from his own reading that had given him trouble, and he often cited the source. Thus far, the English lexicographers had all been men who made dictionaries in their leisure time or as an avocation, but in appeared a work by the first professional lexicographer, John Kersey the Younger.
This work, A New English Dictionary , incorporated much from the tradition of spelling books and discarded most of the fantastic words that had beguiled earlier lexicographers. As a result, it served the reasonable needs of ordinary users of the language.
Kersey later produced some bigger works, but all these were superseded in the s when Nathan Bailey, a schoolmaster in Stepney, issued several innovative works. A supplement in was the first dictionary to mark accents for pronunciation. Many literary men felt the inadequacy of English dictionaries, particularly in view of the continental examples. The Crusca Academy , of Florence, founded in , brought out its Vocabolario at Venice in , filled with copious quotations from Italian literature.
Dictionary
In Spain the Royal Spanish Academy , founded in , produced its Diccionario de la lengua Castellana —39 in six thick volumes. The Russian Academy of Arts St. Petersburg published the first edition of its dictionary somewhat later, from to Both the French and the Russian academies arranged the first editions of their dictionaries in etymological order but changed to alphabetical order in the second editions.
Five leading booksellers of London banded together to support his undertaking, and a contract was signed on June 18, With the aid of six amanuenses to copy quotations, Johnson read widely in the literature up to his time and gathered the central word-stock of the English language. He included about 43, words a few more than the number in Bailey , but they were much better selected and represented the keen judgment of a man of letters. No doubt some of these were included for their beauty, but mostly they served as the basis for his sense discriminations.
No previous lexicographer had the temerity to divide the verb take , transitive, into senses and the intransitive into 21 more. The definitions often have a quaint ring to modern readers because the science of the age was either not well developed or was not available to him. But mostly the definitions show a sturdy common sense, except when Johnson used long words sportively.
His etymologies reflect the state of philology in his age. Usually they were an improvement on those of his predecessors, because he had as a guide the Etymologicum Anglicanum of Franciscus Junius the Younger , as edited by Edward Lye, which became available in and which provided guidance for the important Germanic element of the language.
The Dictionary retained its supremacy for many decades and received lavish, although not universal, praise; some would-be rivals were bitter in criticism. A widely heralded work of the s and s was the projected dictionary of Herbert Croft, in a manuscript of quarto volumes, that was to be called The Oxford English Dictionary. Croft was, however, unable to get it into print. The practice of marking word stress was taken over from the spelling books by Bailey in his Dictionary of , but a full-fledged pronouncing dictionary was not produced until , by James Buchanan; his was followed by those of William Kenrick , William Perry , Thomas Sheridan , and John Walker , whose decisions were regarded as authoritative, especially in the United States.
The attention to dictionaries was thoroughly established in American schools in the 18th century. It received abuse from critics who were not yet ready for the inclusion of American words. In spite of such attitudes, Noah Webster , already well known for his spelling books and political essays, embarked on a program of compiling three dictionaries of different sizes that included Americanisms. In his announcement on June 4, , he titled the largest one A Dictionary of the American Language.
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He brought out his small dictionary for schools, the Compendious , in but then engaged in a long course of research into the relation of languages, in order to strengthen his etymologies. At last, in , at age 70, he published his masterwork, in two thick volumes, with the title An American Dictionary of the English Language. His change of title reflects his growing conservatism and his recognition of the fundamental unity of the English language.
His selection of the word list and his well-phrased definitions made his work superior to previous works, although he did not give illustrative quotations but merely cited the names of authors. Even as early as , Franz Passow had published an essay in which he set forth the canons of a new lexicography, stressing the importance of the use of quotations arranged chronologically in order to exhibit the history of each word. The first part of it was printed in , but the end was not reached until more than a century later, in Among British scholars the historical outlook took an important step forward in in the work of John Jamieson on the language of Scotland.
Charles Richardson was also an industrious collector, presenting his dictionary, from on, distributed alphabetically throughout the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana vol. Richardson was a disciple of the benighted John Horne Tooke , whose 18th-century theories long held back the development of philology in England. Richardson did collect a rich body of illustrative quotations, sometimes letting them show the meaning without a definition , but his work was largely a monument of misguided industry that met with the neglect it deserved. Scholars more and more felt the need for a full historical dictionary that would display the English language in accordance with the most rigorous scientific principles of lexicography.
Forward steps were taken under two editors, Herbert Coleridge and Frederick James Furnivall , until, in , James Augustus Henry Murray , a Scot known for his brilliance in philology, was engaged as editor. A small army of voluntary readers were inspirited to contribute quotation slips, which reached the number of 5,, in , and no doubt 1,, were added after that.
Only 1,, of them were used in print. The copy started going to the printer in ; Part I was finished in So painstaking was the work that it was not finished until , in more than 15, pages with three long columns each. An extraordinary high standard was maintained throughout. The work was reprinted, with a supplement, in 12 volumes in with the title The Oxford English Dictionary , and as the OED it has been known ever since. In a second edition, known as the OED2 , was published in 20 volumes. In the United States, lexicographical activity has been unceasing since To a large extent this was a competition between publishers who wished to preempt the market in the lower schools, but literary people took sides on the basis of other issues.