Gazeta de Holanda [com índice] (Portuguese Edition) eBook: Machado de Assis: leondumoulin.nl: Kindle Store.
Table of contents
Although the Nucleus managed to conduct a few sessions, it was short-lived, its demise being due to the burden of academic bureaucracy. It was a collective project. And what was interesting about it was This was the way to produce something that lasted; in this case these three vehicles that were parallel and complementary: Both projects aimed at divulging scientific knowledge to the population in general. Such projects were, clearly, connected with the legacy of Portuguese republicanism, with its defence of the civic commitment of intellectuals to the fatherland and the people.
His influential writings on the relationship between science and humanism, and on the socio-political role of the intellectual, were a theoretical statement of his concerns with human emancipation. Broadly speaking, the responsibility fell to intellectuals to find the "means to impose reason and realise justice" in an "integrated fashion" op. This was the impasse, the crisis to be overcome, for which a politically and pedagogically ethical approach was needed. This integration could only occur once existing contradictions between the individual and the collective had been overcome; it would need to be socially constructed, as it was not a product of the natural order.
It was a process: The intellectual was to participate in this process with his work of construction, at the service of a higher principle: Thus humanism and the commitment to pulling Portugal out of its backwardness became associated with the work of scientists, through innovation and the dissemination of knowledge, as is seen by their frequent employment of words like task, mission etc. Connections were established between the fields of social science and politics. In response the regime went on the offensive by cutting financial support to the emerging Study Centres.
At its foundation, Antonio Monteiro described the Junta's objectives in a radio programme: Portuguese mathematicians, aware of their responsibilities to the country and to its culture, have decided to come together to perform the duty that is required of them. During his speech, as he had done before, he used terms like duty, responsibility, awareness, mission, task etc. A sense of civic duty is present in his writings, as it is in those of other members of the movement: It is, thus, an organization that represents the vital forces of this culture, one which is a deep awareness of the issues of this time.
Being an investigator is the duty of every citizen who is aware of his responsibilities to society, because being an investigator means adopting a critical attitude, to life and to knowledge, in order to arrive at new conclusions. This transnational network of professionals was of key importance when the individuals discussed here came to choose the countries to which they would migrate. Antonio Monteiro was the first to come to Brazil, in , having made the first contacts two years before. In a large number of scientists were sacked in a series of purges aimed at suppressing organizations of the opposition.
Many of these scientists had not even expressed opposition; it is possible that the list of those to be sacked had come from inside academia, and included the settling of scores as Alfredo Pereira Gomes stated. Adolfo Casais Monteiro belonged to the generation that came after the liberal republicans and the conservative or radical right. He was born on the eve of the foundation of the Republic, and he always admired its democratic and civic values.
Throughout his life he was engaged in fomenting the cultural life of Portugal, and later of Brazil, as a poet, essayist, literary critic, art critic and teacher. His main aim was to transform the magazine into a vehicle of criticism that would become the "voice of a group of students, the only dependable institution for the vanguard of Portuguese arts and letters" Monteiro The magazine achieved considerable recognition during almost a decade, above all as a prestigious medium for the discussion of writers and works of art.
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They were unanimous as to the "pedagogical aspect, which was always a part of its role The magazine reflected "a fundamental duplicity between the unity of its polemics, its critical and pedagogical content, and the tacit recognition of a mutual independence outside these areas" ibid.: Perhaps due to the freedom that he permitted himself to comment openly on culture and politics, Casais Monteiro was 'suspended' from teaching activities, despite having held no political post since the s.
The regime then forbade the quoting his name, and finally the publishing of his writings, unless a pseudonym was used. Despite this he continued to contribute to a number periodicals and from , while continuing to write poetry, he published books of essays and criticism which made a reputation for him abroad, especially in Brazil, where he was linked to the second generation of modernists.
Jorge de Sena became famous, above all, as a poet, and Vitor Ramos as a specialist in French literature. Despite belonging to the same generation their paths did not cross in Portugal. But their intense engagement in writing for literary magazines and in issues involving Portuguese literature and culture meant that they frequented very similar circles. During the post-war period the PCP saw engagement in political and cultural activity as a means of undermining the regime, as well as a way of creating an alternative form of nationalism Neves, op.
Neorealism was one such means, although there were many neorealist writers and artists who were not necessarily communists. Sena constantly opposed the view that art should be restricted to the service of an ideology, and thus crossed swords with sectors of the communist party and the opposition in general, both in Portugal and in exile. This criticism of an instrumentalist concept, in Sena's case, did not mean that he was not concerned with ethical questions, such as the poet being engaged in the world. Politico-social concerns are a recurring theme in his work, alongside the appropriation of surrealist techniques.
There are elements of both neorealism and surrealism in his work, although he maintained his independence from both. He graduated in engineering and practiced the profession in Portugal, although his goal was to dedicated himself entirely to writing. But he found it difficult to earn a living from writing in his native Portugal. His vast output is very diverse, characterised by his interest in the spiritual and artistic creations of humanity.
Before he decided to go into exile in Brazil he had already published works of prose, poetry, drama, criticism and essays, as well as translations, and he kept in close touch with literary developments in Portugal, about which he wrote in literary magazines. For many years he worked as a journalist, notably as editor of France Presse. Although he tried to maintain a certain degree of autonomy, of the three writers discussed here, Ramos was the closest to the Gramscian figure of the organic intellectual. In he was one of the signatories of a manifesto "against the arrest of students and the recent expulsion of a number of professors from the universities, including several mathematicians.
Like the mathematicians, the writers were engaged in both culture and politics, and participated in professional transnational social networks. The formation of close ties with foreign writers, especially Brazilians, was the result of collaboration on a number of literary and artistic projects involving the two countries. Finally, as was also the case with the mathematicians, their engagement with the arts and literature, as well as with science, constituted a way of building an alternative nationalism to that of the Portuguese regime.
Initially he went to Rio de Janeiro, where he took part in the activities of the Centro Republicano Dr. Afonso Costa , including the publication of the journal Portugal Republicano. Between and , settled in Sao Paulo, he edited the Revista Portuguesa with Ricardo Severo, which played an important role in bringing intellectuals together, above all Portuguese and Brazilian writers, and promoting mutual knowledge of the modernist literary movement in the two countries.
Transnational social networks were invigorated by exchanges of letters between writers, the promotion of publications, invitations to give presentations and to participate in congresses etc..
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This resulted in the arrival of a number of militants and intellectuals, and in the organisation of an opposition to the regime in exile Silva At the same time the journal was the product and an inseparable part of the left-wing networks operating in a number of countries. The establishment of this transnational left meant that the journal could now receive news, visitors and consignments, and that through the activities of its staff and its writers it could participate in political and cultural activities in support of an amnesty for political prisoners, of anti-colonialism and of freedom of expression, assuming a predominantly cosmopolitan role.
The journal was published in Sao Paulo between and , without ever being censured. Its collaborators included leading political and cultural figures from Portugal, Brazil and Portugal's African colonies. As a collective enterprise each edition of the journal enjoyed the voluntary collaboration of intellectuals, workers, liberal professionals and artists, of widely differing ideologies.
Thus its pages reflected both the diversity of opinion and the conflicts within the opposition to the Estado Novo and within the journal itself. The arrival in exile of figures like Humberto Delgado, in , highlighted the Portuguese question in both the media and the immigrant community.
The incorporation of large numbers of members of the Portuguese opposition into a variety of segments of Brazilian society contributed to closer ties between opposition members in exile and universities, publishers, trade unions, political parties and professional and student associations Silva After a few years the journal expanded its circulation to other regions of Brazil, to opposition organisations on other continents and even to Portugal. Alongside this political activity, the foundation and expansion of universities, as well as the establishment of new areas of academic specialization in Brazil, opened the way for the arrival through the professional social networks of a number of foreign writers and scientists, including some from Portugal.
However, their engagement in Brazilian society and academic life was limited to a certain degree by bureaucratic and political impediments. By Casais Monteiro was facing serious difficulties making a living in Portugal. A similar case was that of Jorge de Sena, who was invited to a congress in Salvador in Ribeiro Victor Ramos arrived with the help of the communist networks, while participating in a Communist Youth Congress in Paris he met his future Brazilian wife, Dulce.
He arrived in Brazil in , where he worked as the France Presse correspondent until becoming a university professor. During their careers in Brazil, Casais and Sena contributed regularly to literary publications, and to the press in general, while continuing their literary and critical output and thus expanding their network of contacts.
However, unlike the majority of the mathematicians, for Casais, Sena and Ramos exile meant the beginning of careers as researchers and university teachers. They achieved stable employment due to the creation of literature courses in the Institutos Isolados in the interior of Sao Paulo.
In Brazil Sena wrote theses that formally qualified him to teach in the area of literature. Ramos completed his doctor's degree in Sao Paulo. On this occasion he was instrumental in bringing an old friend and party companion to USP, the historian Joaquim Barradas de Carvalho, whose exile also took him from Lisbon to Sao Paulo via Paris.
The military coup of , which established a dictatorship in Brazil, led Sena to leave the country the following year for the United States. Like the writers, the mathematicians could also, to a certain extent, count on a network of support for coming to Brazil and receiving academic posts. In the end Monteiro left for exile in and taught for two years in what was then the University of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro; among his students many later became eminent Brazilian mathematicians and physicists. The couple transformed the building into an atelier and a hostel for other artists, many of whom were students.
Gazeta de Holanda
However, due to pressure from the Portuguese embassy, Monteiro's contract at the university was not renewed. In , after two years of wandering from one job to another, he accepted a post at the Universidad de Cuyo in Argentina. Pereira Gomes said that at first he refused the offer, as he had no plans to travel to Brazil.
However, around a year later he changed his mind, due to his dissatisfaction with the Laboratory where he worked in France, and due to the favourable recommendations that he received from Brazilian academics, as well as from his former brother-in-law, the writer Adolfo Casais Monteiro. Alfredo was the brother of the communist neorealist writer Soeiro Pereira Gomes, and of the writer Alice Pereira Gomes, who was married to Casais until shortly before he came to Brazil. So he contacted Luiz Freyre again to see if his offer still held, which it did due to the delays that had occurred in setting up the maths department in the University of Recife as recounted by Alfredo Pereira Gomes.
He was one of the most important leaders of the MND and spent several years in prison before arriving in Recife in The invitation came from the mathematicians already based in Recife. Thus the Portuguese mathematicians and the physicist who helped to establish mathematics and physics in Recife arrived in the county in a period of just over a decade Most of them lived there for many years. Narratives of exile, cosmopolitanism and national identity. When analysing how these individuals view and narrate their stories, despite personal differences, common elements are revealed, notably the references to the exclusion which they experienced throughout their lives and which became a central issue.
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Their exposure to ultranationalism, with its traditional, conservative inspiration, contributed to a demarcation of frontiers and to the questioning and rejection of this hegemonic form of nationalism. Hence the frequent statements that their exile began, at least subjectively, while they were still in Portugal.
Phrases such as Jorge de Sena's "I have always been an exile, even before leaving Portugal" Sena , or Casais Monteiro's "In Portugal, during Salazar's time, it was impossible to be a dignified Portuguese" Monteiro op.
Without a territorial place with which to identify, depending on the individual, this place becomes either science, literature, the arts or politics. They did not see the lack of favourable conditions in Portugal as permanent, but rather as a challenge to be overcome: Returning to Portugal with the conviction that I should dedicate myself to the work of creating, or contributing to the creation, of a Centre for Physical Research, it was natural for me to attempt this at the school where I was assistant.
Here there was actually no material for studies in my area of specialization and there was almost nowhere to work. But I came prepared to face such a situation and thus did not get disheartened: It was the repeated experiences of exclusion that had led them to seek alternatives in other countries. On the other hand, the delay in their work contracts and the difficulties they found in establishing themselves in the country can be seen both in the case of Antonio Monteiro and in the spying and suspicion to which they were subject on a number of occasions.
Indeed, just as illegal practices have become transnational, so international left-wing networks led to transnational repression mechanisms that involved the cooperation of more than one Nation-state cf. I was summoned to the Portuguese consulate and the consul asked me to sign a commitment that Dr. Offer period 4th Sep to 30th Sep. Cashback within 10 days. Offer valid only once per customer including mobile recharges and bill payments.
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