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A gravitational wave is an invisible (yet incredibly fast) ripple in space. We've known about gravitational waves for a long time. More than years ago, a great.
Table of contents

• What Is a Gravitational Wave?
• 'Routine' detection of space ripples
• Ripples in Space-Time Might Indicate That We Live in a Multiverse
• Hunting for Extra Dimensions

Stephen Hawking developed the idea further about five years later. Researchers have been looking for evidence of primordial black holes ever since. So, they estimated the earliest possible time a pair of stellar black holes could possibly have crashed together, reasoning that any gravitational ripples seen before then must have been caused by primordial black holes. Based on conservative assumptions, they found that the first stellar black holes could not have formed and crashed until at least 67 million years after the Big Bang.

So if LIGO sees waves from black hole mergers taking place before that cutoff, it would mean one of two things: The first and most exciting possibility is that primordial black holes really do exist, thus confirming a long-standing conjecture.

What Is a Gravitational Wave?

The second interpretation is simply that the standard cosmological picture is somehow amiss. It was also a contagious configuration: Any liquid water that comes into contact with ice-nine would immediately freeze, transforming into more ice-nine. Physicists speculate that something similar might be happening within the cores of neutron stars. These objects are the corpses left over after the violent deaths of stars too small to become black holes.

'Routine' detection of space ripples

The ice-nine comparison goes like this: Under sufficiently high pressures, the neutrons within the dense cores of such stars revert to their basic constituents, the up and down quarks that make up the protons and neutrons of ordinary matter. However, this is an unstable arrangement, similar to a precariously balanced domino. It just takes a tiny bit of energy to convert an up or down quark into a strange quark, and the process releases enough energy to transform nearby quarks into strange ones, just as knocking over the first domino in a long row could take down the whole bunch.

And the best way to do that? Study the gravitational waves that travel unobstructed, at the speed of light, straight from the heart of such objects as they crash together. Consisting of three 6-mile-long arms, it would be located entirely underground. A merger between ordinary neutron stars produces distinct gravitational waves.

If a neutron and a strange star collide, an advanced gravitational wave detector could easily tell the difference. This allows the objects to circle more rapidly, increasing both the strength and frequency of the gravitational wave emissions. In , German mathematician Theodor Kaluza suggested to Einstein a way of combining gravity and electromagnetism into a single, cohesive force — a longtime goal of physics — but it required five dimensions.

That theory has led to important advances in theoretical physics and mathematics, though it still awaits empirical validation. Despite numerous experiments — using high-precision pendulums, beams of energetic particles and other sophisticated tools — scientists have not yet found any evidence of extra dimensions. These waves shrink and stretch space-time as they move through it.

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This wave, according to general relativity, would extend, say, the vertical axis of your screen and contract the horizontal axis for a fraction of a second, and then the reverse, rapidly switching back and forth as it approaches your face. The same would happen in a gravitational wave detector.

So it looks as if your screen, or detector, was A classic example involves a rope climber and an ant: The climber can move only up or down along the rope, effectively limited to travel in one dimension. But an ant could crawl around the rope, too, moving in a dimension inaccessible to the climber. One of the best-known features of black holes is the event horizon — the invisible surface enveloping the shrouded interior, marking the point beyond which no escape is possible.

A lesser known aspect of black holes is their temporary nature: Stephen Hawking demonstrated in that black holes slowly leak radiation until they disappear completely. That suggests that any information contained within a black hole would eventually disappear as well — a major violation of quantum theory.

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In , researchers offered a quantum solution that sacrifices a piece of relativity. They suggested that just outside the event horizon lies a more noticeable boundary called a firewall — a sheet of hot, high-energy particles that would incinerate any matter passing through it. Information, however, could still eventually escape from such a modified horizon, appeasing quantum theory. We know that when two black holes merge into one, they emit these ripples, which ring out after the merger like the prolonged reverberations of a bell after being struck.

A portion of those could reach LIGO, and another portion could bounce off something else nearby and head back toward the black hole.

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Some of those waves would again rebound off the firewall, perhaps eventually reaching LIGO as an even fainter signal. The process would continue until the signals die out, too faint to detect. Other solutions to the black hole information paradox include a way for infalling objects to radiate away data, or for information to somehow remain at the event horizon. Or perhaps the problem lies in quantum theory itself, rather than general relativity.

The chance of it being a statistical fluke are 1 in , he says. While waiting for new, more precise data to arrive from LIGO and other facilities, Afshordi and his colleagues are refining their strategies for identifying these echoes. It could also mean that some of the objects we thought were black holes may be something else altogether: wormholes. Wormholes have long been popular fixtures in science fiction as handy ways to get around by offering a kind of cosmic shortcut. Theorists have raised the possibility that some of the objects we thought were black holes could actually be wormholes.

Ripples in Space-Time Might Indicate That We Live in a Multiverse

A paper by Vitor Cardoso and his colleagues found that wormholes — which would be as massive and compact as black holes, but lacking an event horizon — could emit the same kind of gravitational echoes as a firewall-encased black hole. Researchers at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Belgium reached similar conclusions in The two kinds of objects may seem different, but the idea that they could have similar gravitational signatures is not as shocking a suggestion as it sounds.

If we find definitive echoes within gravitational waves, Cardoso says, it would be hard to figure out which kind of object produced them, a firewall or a wormhole. Then again, for about 50 years, most physicists did not accept the existence of black holes, either. They acknowledged the mathematical validity of the solutions to the equations of general relativity, but did not believe the universe actually created such objects.

Hunting for Extra Dimensions

At the moment, the evidence for black holes is much, much stronger than it is for wormholes. Steve Nadis , a contributing editor to Discover and Astronomy , plays handball and volleyball in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he lives with his wife, two daughters and an unruly dog. This story originally appeared in print as "Ripple Effect. X Account Login Forgot your password? Register for an account X Enter your name and email address below.

Astronomers have made a new detection of gravitational waves and for the first time have been able to trace the shape of ripples sent through spacetime when black holes collide. The announcement, made at a meeting of the G7 science ministers in Turin, marks the fourth cataclysmic black-hole merger that astronomers have spotted using Ligo, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory. The latest detection is the first to have also been picked up by the Virgo detector, located near Pisa, Italy, providing a new layer of detail on the three dimensional pattern of warping that occurs during some of the most violent and energetic events in the universe.

The black holes, with masses about 31 and 25 times the mass of the sun, combined to produce a newly spinning black hole with about 53 times the mass of the sun. When massive objects merge, this curvature can be altered, sending ripples out across the universe. These are known as gravitational waves. By the time these disturbances reach us, they are almost imperceptible. It was only a century after Einstein's prediction that scientists developed a detector sensitive enough - the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory or Ligo - and were able to confirm the existence of gravitational waves.

Ripples & Time - Joseph Jacobs

The remaining three solar masses were converted into pure energy that spilled out as deformations that spread outwards across spacetime like ripples across a pond. Detecting these tiny distortions has required detectors sensitive enough to measuring a discrepancy of just one thousandth of the diameter of an atomic nucleus across a 4km laser beam. However, the parallel orientation of the two Ligo detectors, one in Hanford, Washington state, the other in Livingston, Louisiana, has meant that scientists are effectively observing one flat plane through space, rather than getting a 3D picture.

This was intentional because it maximised the chances of detection — a discovery that is hotly tipped to be rewarded when the Physics Nobel Prize is announced next week.