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Table of contents
- NewStatesman
- First years in India
- Your IP Address in Germany is Blocked from www.gutenberg.org
- Clive, Robert (DNB00) - Wikisource, the free online library
- Navigation menu
- Quotes for Scrapbookers: Christmas.
- Battle of Plassey.
- The Ian Rutledge Starter: A Test of Wills, A Long Shadow, A False Mirror, and A Pale Horse;
- In Clive's Command A Story of the Fight for India by Herbert Strang - Free at Loyal Books.
- Robert Clive.
- Cable (2008-2010) #9!
- Atlantic Classics, Second Series.
The Company set out to establish outposts in India. The first British expedition to land in India, led by William Hawkins in , found it hard going. After three years of effort, Roe established a Mughal-East India Company relationship based on trade, not attempted military domination.
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But if trade was profitable, it could also be threatened, not least by colonial rivals and local rulers. But soon enough, in an increasingly strife-torn land, the business of commerce became the business of conquest. As Durant pointed out, the India that the East India Company gradually took over by conquest was no primitive country, but a prosperous and sophisticated civilisation.
It had been a producer and exporter of fine cotton, wool, linen and silk for nearly two millennia. It mastered jewellery making, metalworking steel, silver, gold and brass and architecture — of which the Taj Mahal was but the best-known example — and had a great shipbuilding tradition, which was used not for naval warfare but, in conjunction with merchant bankers, for commerce and trade by land and sea.
The scale of British conquest could scarcely have been imagined when the Company first set out. The Mughal empire in India was vast, extending west to east from Afghanistan to what is today Bangladesh, and from Kashmir in the north to what is today Karnataka in the south. The Mughal empire had been weakened by internal rivalries and fratricidal wars, the growing independence of its provincial governors and the increasing fecklessness of its monarchs.
The devastating sacking of Delhi by the Persian invader Nader Shah in accelerated the collapse of Mughal authority. Chaos ensued; while the emperor hung on to his throne, his significance was largely symbolic, as provincial satraps paying him nominal allegiance asserted control over their own regions.
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Meanwhile the Marathas, formidable military warriors from central India, also grew in power, establishing their own rule over large pockets of the Mughal dominions. This was the anarchy that the Company took advantage of. There was no looking back. A British company had supplanted the Mughal government; but this was no ordinary business, since it wielded its own private army and exacted deference from rulers across the country. India would never be the same again. As a number of warring principalities battled for authority, the Company wrested control of India from the collapsing Mughal empire.
It enjoyed several advantages: powerful artillery the Brown Bess muskets, in particular , superior European-style military techniques and the armour of an utterly amoral cynicism. The Mughal court was reduced to a combination of fig-leaf and rubber-stamp for the British. Shah Alam II and his successors lived on the sufferance of the Company. Dalrymple does not cover the half-century thereafter, when Lord Dalhousie, governor-general from , annexed a quarter of a million square miles of territory from Indian rulers in just eight years.
It presided over the destinies of more than million people, determined their economic, social and political life, collected taxes, reshaped society and education, introduced and profited grossly from the railways and financed the start of the Industrial Revolution in Britain. Clive himself was targeted on more than one occasion; one man pulled him down and was shot dead. The affair was a serious blow: 15 of Clive's men were killed, and another 15 wounded.
Over the next month the besiegers slowly tightened their grips on the fort. Clive's men were subjected to frequent sniper attacks and disease, lowering the garrison size to He was heartened to learn that some 6, Maratha forces had been convinced to come to his relief, but that they were awaiting payment before proceeding. The approach of this force prompted Raza Sahib to demand Clive's surrender; Clive's response was an immediate rejection, and he further insulted Raza Sahib by suggesting that he should reconsider sending his rabble of troops against a British-held position. The siege finally reached critical when Raza Sahib launched an all-out assault against the fort on 14 November.
Clive's small force maintained its composure, and established killing fields outside the walls of the fort where the attackers sought to gain entry. Several hundred attackers were killed and many more wounded, while Clive's small force suffered only four British and two sepoy casualties.
First years in India
The historian Thomas Babington Macaulay wrote a century later of the siege:. He was awakened by the alarm, and was instantly at his post After three desperate onsets, the besiegers retired behind the ditch. The struggle lasted about an hour His conduct during the siege made Clive famous in Europe. The Prime Minister William Pitt the Elder described Clive, who had received no formal military training whatsoever, as the "heaven-born general", endorsing the generous appreciation of his early commander, Major Lawrence.
Clive and Major Lawrence were able to bring the campaign to a successful conclusion. In , the first of the provisional Carnatic treaties was signed between Thomas Saunders, the Company president at Madras, and Charles Godeheu , the French commander who displaced Dupleix. Mohammed Ali Khan Walajah was recognized as Nawab, and both nations agreed to equalize their possessions.
When war again broke out in , during Clive's absence in Bengal, the French obtained successes in the northern districts , and it was Mohammed Ali Khan Walajah's efforts which drove them from their settlements. It was a result of this action and the increased British influence that in a firman decree came from the Emperor of Delhi, recognizing the British possessions in southern India.
He left Madras for home, after ten years' absence, early in , but not before marrying Margaret Maskelyne, the sister of his friend Nevil Maskelyne who was afterwards well known as Astronomer Royal. Clive also briefly sat as Member of Parliament for the Cornwall rotten borough of St Michael's , which then returned two Members, from to David at Cuddalore.
Nearly years later in , illegally salvaged coins from Clive's treasure chest were offered for sale, [38] and in a portion of the coins were given to the South African government after protracted legal wrangling. Clive, now promoted to lieutenant-colonel in the British Army , took part in the capture of the fortress of Gheriah , a stronghold of the Maratha Admiral Tuloji Angre. The action was led by Admiral James Watson and the British had several ships available, some Royal troops and some Maratha allies.
The overwhelming strength of the joint British and Maratha forces ensured that the battle was won with few losses. A fleet surgeon, Edward Ives, noted that Clive refused to take any part of the treasure divided among the victorious forces as was custom at the time. Following this action Clive headed to his post at Fort St. David and it was there he received news of twin disasters for the British.
In June, Clive received news that the new Nawab had attacked the British at Kasimbazar and shortly afterwards on 20 June he had taken the fort at Calcutta.
Those British who were captured were placed in a punishment cell which became infamous as the Black Hole of Calcutta. In stifling summer heat, it was alleged that of the prisoners died as a result of suffocation or heat stroke. While the Black Hole became infamous in Britain, it is debatable whether the Nawab was aware of the incident. By Christmas , as no response had been received to diplomatic letters to the Nawab, Admiral Charles Watson and Clive were dispatched to attack the Nawab's army and remove him from Calcutta by force.
Their first target was the fortress of Baj-Baj which Clive approached by land while Admiral Watson bombarded it from the sea. The fortress was quickly taken with minimal British casualties. Shortly afterwards, on 2 January , Calcutta itself was taken with similar ease.
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Approximately a month later, on 3 February , Clive encountered the army of the Nawab itself. For two days, the army marched past Clive's camp to take up a position east of Calcutta. Sir Eyre Coote, serving in the British forces, estimated the enemy's strength as 40, cavalry, 60, infantry and thirty cannon.
Even allowing for overestimation this was considerably more than Clive's force of approximately British infantry, Royal Navy sailors, local sepoys, fourteen field guns and no cavalry. The British forces attacked the Nawab's camp during the early morning hours of 5 February In this battle, unofficially called the 'Calcutta Gauntlet', Clive marched his small force through the entire Nawab's camp, despite being under heavy fire from all sides.
Clive, Robert (DNB00) - Wikisource, the free online library
By noon, Clive's force broke through the besieging camp and arrived safely at Fort William. During the assault, around one tenth of the British attackers became casualties. Clive reported his losses at 57 killed and wounded. While technically not a victory in military terms, the sudden British assault intimidated the Nawab.
He sought to make terms with Clive, and surrendered control of Calcutta on 9 February, promising to compensate the East India Company for damages suffered and to restore its privileges.
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As Britain and France were once more at war , Clive sent the fleet up the river against the French colony of Chandannagar , while he besieged it by land. After consenting to the siege, the Nawab unsuccessfully sought to assist the French. Some officials of the Nawab's court formed a confederacy to depose him. Clive employed Umichand, a rich Bengali trader, as an agent between Mir Jafar and the British officials.