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In search of Icelandic lore

Gage, Matilda Joslyn. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, The Middle Ages, after all, is where many moderns like to imagine their national, religious, and linguistic boundaries arose. These boundaries are themselves unofficial heritage sites, purportedly true pasts whose truth persists, ideally, unaltered into the present so that they never actually become past.

And like all heritage sites, they must be rediscovered and defended. This ignorance, as we saw with the mayor of Courtemaux, has its own argumentative weight. Without the universal claims of the classics and the moderns, the medieval tends to stand for low rather than high culture, local rather than international tastes, organic rather than cultivated habits, tradition rather than choice, and at once as a point of origin and a sign of a forgotten foundations.

A heritage site offers immediacy. The mania offered its adherents two things, a white heritage and a specifically medieval, embattled white heritage, while also, as I'll 4 Dinshaw cite goes here. Also But the site may have been more effective as heritage had it offered a visible ruin.

7 Civilizations that Reached America before Columbus

A ruin may in fact be preferable to a structure in better repair. These objects are charters, establishing cultural, civic, and especially religious boundaries, while also suggesting antiquity. They are evidence of a past that, now broken, might be repaired if only the heritage be protected. For a ruin is a witness that the place was one this people, sharing this heritage, have occupied since time immemorial into the present, broken perhaps, but not so broken as to be unrecognizable, so long as someone sees fit to examine the ruins properly, with the eyes of heritage.

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And like any ruin, it calls out for repair. Page 8 of 15 conclude, obligating them to protect their whiteness, making them prisoners of their own concocted identity. Few Americans during this first period of Nordic mania could go without mentioning blue eyes and blond hair, which function here as distinctive signs of ethnic particularity.

Diagnostic information:

We find a similar attentiveness to hair and eye color in George Johnson's Canada's First Boy Baby a "flaxen-haired blue eyed youngster" , and in Ottilie A. Likewise in Maurice Hewlett's Gudrid the Fair: A Tale of the Discovery of America, and, more recently, in the white supremacist furor over the casting of black-haired, brown-eyed Idris Elba as the norse God Heimdall in the film Thor, which they thought of as nothing less than "a declar[ation] of war on Norse Mythology," and, by extension, on what was called, by one scholar of race writing in the s, "the Nordic ideal.

Even more usefully, this was a history of failure. The Norse had come, and then, it seemed, they had gone. Or had been made to leave. White Americans could thereby imagine themselves victims, even during some of the worst periods of American white supremacy against African and Native Americas: this is a symptom of jealousy for medieval antiquity and indeed for the very suffering the whites themselves were causing.

Their fantasy was that the Norse had been slaughtered by the Natives or, at best, that they had been absorbed into them, passing on with their "blood" whatever scraps of civilization they still possessed when the Europeans next arrived.

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Several nineteenth-century works, like a textbook used in South Carolina, dreamed up an epic of white America's tragic past, in which a Nordic or even Irish civilization, having built its mounds, was then eradicated by an influx of Asian barbarians. After we came home, found 10 men red from blood and dead.

Ave Maria save from evil. One last, recent example is the final scene from the Danish film Valhalla Rising, where its hero, a one-eyed Norse warrior, an avatar of the one-eyed Odin, lets himself be swarmed and killed by Native Americans to save the one, blond boy.

With works like this, we are made to hear that white America had always belonged, that it has always been embattled, and that its expansion into North America was nothing but the return of what had, in a historical sense, always been here. This is all a modern fantasy. We don't know why the Norse abandoned the Americas, nor even if they ever did, entirely. It's clear, however, that the populations of Iceland and especially Greenland were never large enough to spare enough people to establish a permanent colony. Given some recent archaeological finds, it's possible that the Norse continued contact with the Americas until late in the Middle Ages.

If we insist on finding a tragic end to Norse presence, we might as well use the one in the Greenlander's Saga, whose misogyny heaps blame on the murderous woman Freydis.


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Return to Book Page. Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating back to the s and before, are now extremely scarce and increasingly expensive. We are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions, using the original text and artwork. Get A Copy. Paperback , pages. Published December 9th by Kiefer Press first published February 25th More Details Other Editions Friend Reviews.