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This transformation of disease burden has indicated that the need for vaccines to treat or prevent noninfectious diseases is urgent. Both infectious and noninfectious diseases are now within the realm of vaccinology through the development of biotechnologies. These vaccines present an interesting challenge for approving and evaluating under the same framework as traditional vaccines or that of other biologics, though they work by modulating the human immune system as traditional vaccines.

Many vaccine candidates for these infections had been developed, but none had been approved for use in humans. The major difficulty for their clinical application is the lack of human clinical trials, the data insufficiency of for vaccine effectiveness, and the concern of vaccine safety. More funding, time, and research are needed for developing vaccines against recent emerging diseases such as MERS, Ebola virus, Zika virus infections, etc. The perspectives for controlling diseases by vaccination are very promising along with the advancement of biotechnologies, but several problems are still hard to solve.

In the case of emergency, such as an influenza pandemic, it is difficult to estimate the demand of vaccine to satisfy the developing countries. Some manufacturers may change their focusing products from vaccines to other medicinal products such as cell therapy products, gene therapy products, nanomedicines, and other products.

Third, the requirement for vaccine safety is increasing, the evaluation of risk and benefit ratios become very crucial for the implementation of a vaccination program. But zero risk is almost impossible. It is quite difficult and controversial to obtain a balance between the need of public health and the regulatory impulse which guard against rare and theoretical risks. Vaccination is the best approach to prevent infectious diseases. Vaccination is able to reduce the rates of mortality and morbidity from infection and results in herd immunity when some population has been vaccinated in some areas.

Through vaccines distribution, some diseases are globally eradicated such as smallpox; some diseases are significantly controlled in much of the world such as polio, measles, and tetanus. However, there are many diseases uncontrolled yet by vaccination, and new diseases certainly appear through evolution, mutation, gene recombination, interspecies transfer, and environmental changes.

Fortunately, we have many technologies to produce more novel vaccines to protect us. The previous studies have allowed us to understand the microbial pathogenesis and host immune responses which are correlated to the control of diseases by vaccination. Biotechnologies make it possible to further improve the quality of vaccines and expand the clinical application of vaccines significantly.

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More and more novel vaccine products based on biotechnologies are approved in the market around the world. Despite the great advances in biotechnologies, the perfect vaccine has not yet been developed. It is expectable to have such effective, cheap, and convenient vaccines for disease prevention and therapy provided that we endeavor to overcome the challenges in the production, distribution, and regulation of vaccines through biotechnologies.

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Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers. Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications. Edited by Farhat Afrin. We are IntechOpen, the world's leading publisher of Open Access books. Built by scientists, for scientists. Our readership spans scientists, professors, researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals. Downloaded: Abstract Vaccination, the administration of an antigenic material vaccine , is considered to be the most effective method for disease prevention and control.

Keywords biotechnology vaccine genetic engineering prevention therapy.


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Introduction A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular pathogen. Type Inactivated microbes, live attenuated microbes, toxoids, and subunits have been manufactured as vaccines and employed to trigger adaptive immune responses [ 1 ]. Mode of action The process is an artificial induction of immunity with an effort to protect against infectious diseases by priming the immune system with an immunogen.

Effectiveness The efficacy of vaccines is dependent on a number of factors such as the disease itself, the strain of vaccine, the vaccination schedule, idiosyncratic response to vaccination, and assorted factors, such as ethnicity, age, or genetic predisposition. Potency The potency is critically correlated to vaccine quality and efficacy.

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Safety Vaccines are one of the safest medical products, but they are sometimes risky. Biotechnology Biotechnology is the technological application of biological organisms, systems, and processes to develop, make, or modify products for specific uses such as pharmaceuticals, crops, and livestock. Application Biotechnology is mainly used in three ways as follows: separation of a pure antigen using a specific monoclonal antibody; synthesis of an antigen with the assistance of a cloned gene; and synthesis of peptides to be used as vaccines.

Approach 2. Reverse vaccinology The basic idea of reverse vaccinology is that an entire pathogenic genome can be sequenced and screened by employing bioinformatics methods to explore genes. Recombinant subunit vaccination The gene cloning is a powerful tool to synthesize protein materials to subunit vaccine by recombinant DNA techniques. Recombinant protein vaccination Upon infection, a pathogen produces proteins to elicit an immune response from the infected body. Advantages Low risk for infection: Recombinant vaccines do not contain actual pathogens; only parts of the microbes DNA, RNA, or protein are used for making vaccines.

Challenges Complex vaccination schedules: The vaccines produced by biotechnologies are usually only parts of microbes DNA, RNA, or protein ; therefore, it is required to have multiple doses for maximum effectiveness either to produce sufficient initial immune responses or to boost responses that fade over time. Vaccine products based on biotechnologies recombinant DNA technology. Enlargement of protective groups Most vaccines were focusing on infants and children, but adolescents and adults are gradually being targeted. Development of combination vaccines Combination vaccines include two or more vaccines that could be given individually or by combining them together into one shot.

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Development of multiple administration routes Most of the vaccines are given by injection such as intramuscular IM , subcutaneous SC , and intradermal ID injection. Development of synthetic vaccines Synthetic vaccines are composed mainly of synthetic peptides, polysaccharides, or antigens. Development of vaccines for both innate and adaptive immunity Conventional vaccines only induce adaptive immunity, but vaccines are being designed to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses.

Development of vaccines for preventing noninfectious diseases Conventional vaccines are only used to prevent infectious diseases in which active immunization is largely confined to infectious diseases. Development of vaccines for therapy Vaccines are conventionally prophylactic, but vaccines are being developed to treat chronic virus infection and cancer. Development of vaccines for bioterrorism Bioterrorist attack is unpleasant and rare, but it may happen unexpectedly and often leads to serious events.

Conclusion Vaccination is the best approach to prevent infectious diseases. How to cite and reference Link to this chapter Copy to clipboard. Monteiro, Kristina Predicting co-relapse among nutrition and exercise from adolescence through young adulthood. Muller, Manuel Enzymatic and enzyme inhibitory activity on a paper-based lateral flow device. Murphy, Sara E Toward a psychosocial understanding of suicide in American literature and culture of the 's. Nahar, Pragati Pankaj Evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-lipogenic activity of natural polyphenolic extracts and their pure constituents.

Nanda, Monica M Parental psychological control and emotion dysregulation among anxious children: A transactional model.

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