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The responsibilities of today's Texas Rangers have expanded significantly over the last 20 years. New threats posed by organized crime, terrorism and drug.
Table of contents
Rangers still rode the river on horseback, but they also used cars. The automobile was taking over as the principal mode of transportation in Texas and the rest of the country.
And horseless carriages needed oil, not oats. The increased national demand for petroleum fueled a new law enforcement problem for the Rangers.
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In addition to their traditional duties, along with assisting in tick eradication efforts, handling labor difficulties and the enforcement of prohibition, the Rangers had to deal with lawlessness that came with the oil boom in Texas. One of the first places that happened was in a community that years before had been named in their honor. The small Eastland County town of Ranger, so named because it had been settled near the site of an old frontier Ranger camp, boomed with the discovery of oil in the area. By , Ranger had a population 16,, and a substantial number of those residents were not particularly interested in abiding by the law.
Texas Rangers who were sent to Ranger, Texas raided gaming halls, smashed drinking establishments, and corralled a wide assortment of miscreants and felons. When Rangers filled the jails, prisoners sometimes had to be handcuffed to telephone poles. The same story would be repeated throughout the '20s and '30s.
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Only the names of the towns changed. From Borger to Mexia, Rangers preserved what peace and dignity they could in the wild oil field boomtowns. With the advent of the automobile the Rangers had greater mobility, but so did the outlaws. Robbers could hit a small town bank and quickly make their getaway. Rangers were given railroad passes, but had to provide their own cars. He first joined the Rangers in Hamer left the force occasionally to take other law enforcement jobs, but by , he was captain of Ranger Co. C, stationed in Del Rio. At the beginning of , he was transferred to Austin, where he would spend the next decade as a Ranger captain.
One of the major problems facing the Rangers during Hamer's tenure as Senior Ranger Captain was bank robbery. There was one catch--the money would be paid for dead robbers only. As the Depression took hold in Texas, unscrupulous types began setting up phony holdups, hiring men to rob a bank and then killing them in the act so the reward money could be collected. This was a situation the Rangers could not solve with force. Instead, Hamer went to the press, exposing what was happening.
Hamer's move paid off--the banking association's reward policy was changed. As Senior Ranger Captain, Hamer reported to the state's adjutant general, a man appointed by the governor. A governor also could appoint Rangers, or influence a selection. As governors changed, Ranger leadership usually changed.
Though history shows many good men wore the Ranger badge in the s and s, the system was rife with politics and ripe for abuse. When Gov.
Walker, Texas Ranger
Sterling resigned his office. Forty Rangers, including Capt. Hamer, left with him. But Hamer was not away from law enforcement for long. In February , Lee Simmons, superintendent of the Texas prison system, asked Hamer if he would track down the notorious criminal couple Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker. Hamer agreed and was given a commission as a Texas highway patrolman. Since , when a force had been created to patrol the expanding Texas roadways, the state in effect had two police agencies. The young Highway Patrol operated as part of the Highway Department.
Hamer trailed Bonnie and Clyde for days.
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Finally, Hamer and other officers, including former Ranger Manny Gault, caught up with the dangerous duo in Bienville Parish, Louisiana. The officers had hoped to take the outlaws alive, but when the pair reached for their weapons, Hamer and the others opened fire. The career of Bonnie and Clyde was over. For a time, it looked like the Texas Rangers were not going to last much longer than Bonnie and Clyde. Under Gov. Ferguson, Ranger commissions were easy to come by, and not all those handed a silver star were men whose character was worthy of the honor. Additionally, Ferguson appointed some 2, Special Rangers.
A few of those were even ex-convicts. The problem did not go unrecognized. The Texas Senate, on Sept. The committee produced a report in early that was singularly critical of Texas law enforcement. However, the document also proposed a solution: the creation of a state law enforcement agency to be known as the Department of Public Safety. A bill was introduced that would create such an agency, which would operate under a three-member Public Safety Commission.
The Texas Rangers would be transferred from the Adjutant General's Department and Highway Patrol would be moved from the Highway Department to form a single state police force. Some modifications in the law were made by a joint House-Senate conference committee, but on Aug. Under the new DPS, the Ranger force would consist of 36 men. Though smaller than it had been in years, the Texas Rangers would finally have the benefits of a state-of-the-art crime laboratory, improved communications, and, most importantly, political stability.
With the creation of the DPS, the Rangers would have professionalism to match their tradition. Tom Hickman, a veteran Ranger, was named senior captain of the Rangers. The force was organized into five companies, each headed by a captain. The headquarters for Co. B was set up in a specially-built log building on the fairgrounds. Texas Rangers were seen in news reel footage in movie houses around the nation.
Depression-era DPS appropriations were lean, but as the decade of the s ended, the Texas Rangers were on their way toward modernization. Fingerprint and modus operandi files were available for Ranger use at the Department's Camp Mabry headquarters in Austin, and Ranger vehicles were equipped with police radio receivers, though two-way radio would not be available to Rangers until the s. Former Ranger Manuel T.
Lone Wolf Gonzaullas headed the Department's Bureau of Intelligence, which gave Rangers the benefit of chemical, ballistic and microscopic testing in their criminal investigations. Rangers still had to provide their own car, horse, and saddle, though the DPS issued horse trailers. For the first time, Rangers had the benefits of in-service training. They also had to write weekly activity reports. The Texas Rangers were part of another agency but their duties essentially were the same as they had been for years. Rangers were called upon to enforce the state's laws, with particular emphasis on felony crimes, gambling and narcotics.
Rangers also were used in riot suppression and in locating fugitives. Ranger duties varied from showing air raid warning training films to tracking down escaped German POWs later in the war. When U. This apparently caused considerable anxiety among the German people. The Reich's minister of propaganda eventually had to clarify matters. By , the authorized strength of the Texas Rangers had been increased to 45 men. Two years later, the force was increased again, to 51 men. Texas was growing in the post-war economy and so was the parent agency of the Rangers.
In , the Legislature authorized construction of a new headquarters building in North Austin.
The same year, the DPS bought its first airplane. A Ranger became the Department's first pilot-investigator. In their first year under the DPS, the Rangers took part in an estimated cases; two decades later, in , the Rangers were involved in 16, cases. Rangers continued to add to their legend during the 's.
On his way back to the Dallas area after a tour of duty on the border, Armstrong was driving double the posted 40 mph speed limit when he hit a pickup truck that had run a stop sign, according to a law enforcement report on the crash. The state-issued truck Armstrong was driving skidded into a ditch and caught fire, records show.