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Table of contents

ThuSp the rhyme order was only used in subjections, not as the basis of the book. But we are Informed that he preferred travel to settled life, and, after stu- dving under hjs uncle locally, he went to Baghdad. Rumour had it that he died before completing the faircopy of the work, and that this was carried out by his pupil, Abu Ishaq ibn. So perhaps the story Hhotild be taken with a "pinch of sail"!

There is first the Eulaq version, undated. I have done this after obtaining them their contents by oral transmission in Iraq, and learning them by thorough study, and discussing them with the true Arabs in thdr desert home-lands. May Cod profit us, and here it is for you! Within each chapter, mots arc entered according to the first, and then tlic intermediate radicals. And, having dmic this, why did he not then take the other radicals in successive reverse order?

To put it mathematically, why x, instead of , or 4-t, instead of ? No satisfactory answer has been given, though interesting suggestions have been advanced. It is equally a reflection on Arabic poets. For Arabic rhymes depend not only on the rhyTEie consonant, but also the metre of the final foot of the verse, and therefore the measure of the rhyme word.


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Moreover, this long vowel would have to be prueedetl by a short one, so a sWird like "laqsir"' would not do, in most metres. In the long run, therefore, tt would be quicker for the poet to wait fur inspiration. The former, it will be noted, was a contemporary of al-Jauharl, while the latter was not yet bom when al-Jauharf died. So, even if al-Jauhari did, indeed, use this order to help poets, he can hardly have achieved his object. Uhat miglit be argued is that the growth of rhymed prose, reinforcing poetry, the most highly cstecmefl literary medium, may have made men "last-radical-consduus'', and may therefore have unwittingly in- flucncefl al-Jauhari's choice.

The final radicair however, is only followed by the familiar pronominal suffixes indicating gender, number, and person. As it Is, in unvowcUed Arabic, even the expert has still tn look up such verbs under several alternative roots. The answer is that when he ebimed to liave used a new system he was not referring specifically to the rhyme ortlerp but to his listing of roots in one consolidated serieSp irrespective of the number of radicals they comprised.

Ahjauhan's systmi was to indicate vowels and orthographical signs in full wording, ivhere words varied from a well-known norm, and to use familiar words as models. He first abridged the '"SahMi'' to one-fifth of its original extent, and then halved this, so lliat his abridgement was one-tenth of the original.

The large work is the whidi has not yet been printed. These w"ere more suited to a later age which ref uired a large and exhaustive dictionary', and which was not interested in any purist's endeavour to exclude incorrect or non-Arabic words. The result was that the "Sahah"', despite its fame in theory, was neglected in practice until modem times.

No doubt, now that a good edition exists, it will be used increasingly by scholars.

Native speakers reading MSA texts (case, mood endings)

In any case, it marks a turning point in the history of Arabic lexicography. Morcoveri since quantity was somellmes more highly esteemed than quality, and exhibitionism in the shape of the pamde of a redierchi vctcabubiy had been given the stamp of genius in the Maqamat of al-Harlri, al-Jauharl's restrictive purism made little appeal. It is said that he left 50D volumes of his works in his own handwriting. Tliere is little wonder, then, that he went blind in his old age! But they are difficult to use, as if their authors had showed people a sweet watering place and pasturage, yet prevented their access to them.

The present work, I bn Manzur goes onlo say, is meant to replace previous works by drawling from them. All he claims is to have collected and collated the works of the authors he has mentioned. Any virtues or defects must be imputed to their originators, for he has done no more than to quote them.

Children’s Books

Men vie with cadi other in translating Arabic books into other languages. So liis dictionary has come at the right time: he has made it as Noah made the Ark, while his people scoffed. These types may be effective against various Iwlily ills. In addition, from the T2th. It may seem strange that Ibn Maiifur should have failed to follow' their example in his quest for convenience. Even if he did not know all of tliem, he kneiv the '"Nihaya'". This may well be the case.

But there is also the consideration that these avo works, and others in the modem arrangement menltoned above, were all specialised dictionaries. As wc have! U is a veritable store-house of Arabic language, sciencct and arts. Numerous examples are quoted from the Quran, the Sunna, poetry and proverbs. H, is in 20 vols. In the tntrixluclion lo the Bilfarj cHkion. There is no guarantee that the simpler forms will occur first, before the more complicated ones; and even If they do, the author is quite likely to go back to thciUp after having passed on to more complex derivations.

Much space is also wasted where, for example, a verse of poetry is quoted in support of a given defiaition of a word, to cxpbiin the meaning of other words occumrig in that verse which have no real bearing on The point under discussion. Yet, after alk such criticisms show ingratitude. It gives us glimpses into a whole world of Arabic culture. The word "Qmus'', thanks to the wide currency of the dictionaryp and others based on it in several languages, came to mean a dietionarj'.

In the biter two places, he established schools, and installcfl masters to teach in his absence. He died in Zabfd in Sty aged over go, and still holding his post of Qadi. He w'as art industrious author. Altogether the names of about 4D of his works are known. He also made additions to them, making hi. Thirty volumes of the large work are comprised in one volume of the smaller one, yet it still contains, in briefer form, the wrhote of the contents of his two major sources, the ''Muhkam'' and the and more besides.

He has called See OmpEer But it has omitted at least a half of the language, cither by omitting roots altogether, or by neglecting to men- tion rare meanings. Al- Firuzabadi then lists some of the special merits of his dictionary. Admittedly al-IGialTl had classed thian together to form the last chapter of the and Ibn Duraid harl not clearly distinguished them. Al-Jau- hari had confused them as final radicals, but distinguished them as medials and initials. Sometimes they had used some meaningless formula, such as "man — the singular of men'"!

Two Jims meant the plural of a plural. The in- dusion of these is oj cn to critidstn.

Types of Hamza

It could be argued that they are out of place in a linguistic dictionary. Finally, he was much concerned to show vowcl- ling in an unequivocal manner without undue waste of space. We have already seen how ahjauhari approached this pTohlern. Al-Firfiialadt adopted similar mcsisiires, which he refers to in his preface, without, however, acknowledging his debt to at-Jauharl.

He based his system on three principles. Firstly, certain words were so familiar that his readers were expected to know the vowelHiif. Secondly, he assumed certain normal vowelUngs, and only indicated variants. Xhus in the simple triliteral noun, the norm was ''fa''! Thirdly, the alternative vowellings of the simple iri literal verb were indicated by model verbs giving the six alternatives.

In this indication of vowclling, al-Fiinzabadi adopted and modified slightly what al-jauharf had done. He had consulted a thousand books in the process, but omitted all reference to them and their authors, as well as the usual illustrative examples, to save space. The success of the bonk shows how well it satisfied a need. All the same, it found its detractors as well as its champions.

Thcrie was considerable polemical literature for and against, which really resolved Itself into Jauhan versus H- ruzabadi. W For a list m ilic pasts at ilie already meniioncd. Of more substance is the LTiticism, already levelled at the "Lisau", namely, lack of a consistent sequence for dealing with the various derivations, whether nominal or verbal, from any given rtiot.

There seems to be no logical explanation. It is also the must copious Arabic dictionary—at least to the total number of entries—ever ctwnposed. A detailed discussion of this work is beyond the seoiie of the present study. The method of the author of the "Taj" was to put the contents of the "Qamus'' in brackets, interixilating commentary material.

The latter consists of amplification of definitions, the menlioii of authorities or ruwah , illuslrative quotations—though not as many of the latter as in the larger earlier dictionaries, the inclusioti of addiliona!

A Brother is a Friend - Bilingual Version (English-Arabic) by Landa Ruweha

A lover of the antique, and of recherche vocabulary, he was nevertheless one of the pioneers of the modem Arab literary awakening, and one of a long line of Lebanese and Syrian Maronlte Christian scholars. Though he came to England at the invitation of the British and Foreign Bible Society, this did not prevent him from turning Muslim. His main points have already been mentioned, and require no repetition. R Sm also Darwlah. Thus, kataba comes under the heading t-k. Even scholars who had never studied in either placet cnuld trace back a kind of genealogical tabic of teaching handed dcFwn to themselves from one or other of these two seats of learning.

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The Kufans tended lo accept what they heard—w'hether directly or in- directly—from the Bedouin Arab, rather than what fitted into the known pattern of the language h in the terminology of of the Greeks and of Varro, the Basrans were the Analogists, the Kufans the Aiio- malists. Ilis reliability was questioned because he was a wine-bibber, and because he was a Kufari. We arc told that he went out into the desert among the true ArabSp taking two jars of ink with him: he did not return until they were used up. Considerable my. The '"Jim" is only a dictionary in the sense that early Vol.