Seven Variationen, K25

Seven Variations in D, K on "Willem van Nassau": Variation 7 · Gerard Willems From the album Reflections On Mozart. © Australian Broadcasting.
Table of contents

Seven key investments for health equity across the lifecourse: A review of the Australian healthcare system: Assessment of health care, hospital admissions, and mortality by ethnicity: Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for countries and territories and selected subnational locations: Contrasting approaches to primary care performance governance in Denmark and New Zealand.

Tim Tenbensel , Viola Burau Health policy The contribution of medical care to mortality decline: J P Mackenbach Journal of clinical epidemiology The effect of health services on mortality: K Poikolainen , J Eskola Lancet Geographical variation in mortality from conditions amenable to medical intervention in England and Wales.

State political cultures and the mortality of African Americans and American Indians. Black-white differences in avoidable mortality in the USA, Performance measurement for health system improvement. The code name "K" was a combination of the "K" from Kellex, and "25," a World War II-era code designation for uranium derived from element 92, atomic mass The term was first used in Kellex internal reports for the end product, enriched uranium, in March By April , the term "K plant" was being used for the plant that created it.

That month, the term "K Project" was applied to the entire project to develop uranium enrichment using the gaseous diffusion process. When other "K-" buildings were added after the war, "K" became the name of the original, larger complex.

Fresh Music

The highly corrosive nature of uranium hexafluoride threw up several technological challenges. Pipes and fittings that it came into contact with had to be made of, or clad with nickel. This was fine for small objects, but impractical for the large diffusers, the tank-like containers that had to hold the gas under pressure. Nickel was a vital war material, and although the Manhattan Project could use its overriding priority to acquire it, making the diffusers out of solid nickel would deplete the national supply.

In turn, its president, K. Keller assigned Carl Heussner, an expert in electroplating , the task of developing a process for electroplating such a large object. Senior Chrysler executives called this "Project X". Electroplating used one-thousandth of the nickel of a solid nickel diffuser. The SAM laboratories had already attempted this and failed. Heussner experimented with a prototype in a building built within a building, and found that it could be done, so long as the series of pickling and scaling steps required were done without anything coming in contact with oxygen.

Chrysler's entire factory at Lynch Road in Detroit was turned over to the manufacture of diffusers. By the war's end, Chrysler had built and shipped over 3, diffusers. The gaseous diffusion process required suitable pumps that had to meet stringent requirements. Like the diffusers, they had to resist corrosion from the uranium hexafluoride feed. Corrosion would not only damage the pumps, but would contaminate the feed. They could not afford any leakage of uranium hexafluoride, especially if it was already enriched, or of oil, which would react with the uranium hexafluoride.

They had to pump at high rates, and handle a gas twelve times as dense as air.

7 Variations on "Willem von Nassau", K.25 (Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus)

To meet these requirements, the SAM Laboratories chose to use centrifugal pumps. They were aware that the desired compression ratio of 2. For some purposes, a reciprocating pump would suffice, [35] and these were designed by Henry A. In early , Ingersoll Rand pulled out. The SAM Laboratories came up with a design, and Westinghouse built some prototypes that were successfully tested.


  • ;
  • W.A. Mozart: Selected Variations | Presto Sheet Music.
  • Tyrannosaur Canyon (Wyman Ford Book 1)!
  • Involving Parents Through Childrens Literature: Preschool-Kindergarten: Grades Preschool and Kinderg?
  • 7 Variations On Willem Van Nassau In D Major K 25 » Songs Online.
  • ?
  • ;

Then Judson Swearingen at the Elliott Company came up with a revolutionary and promising design that was mechanically stable with seals that would contain the gas. This design was manufactured by Allis-Chalmers. Difficulties with the diffusers and pumps paled into insignificance besides those with the porous barrier. To work, the gaseous diffusion process required a barrier with microscopic holes, but not subject to plugging. It had to be extremely porous, but strong enough to handle the high pressures.

And, like everything else, it had to resist corrosion from uranium hexafluoride. The latter criterion suggested a nickel barrier. Norris at the C. In , Urey brought in Hugh S.

7 Variations on "Willem van Nassau"

Taylor from Princeton University to look at the problem of a usable barrier. Libby made progress on understanding the chemistry of uranium hexafluoride, leading to ideas on how to prevent corrosion and plugging.

Chemical researchers at the SAM Laboratories studied fluorocarbons , which resisted corrosion, and could be used as lubricants and coolants in the gaseous diffusion plant. Despite this progress, the K Project was in serious trouble without a suitable barrier, and by August it was facing cancellation. On 13 August Groves informed the Military Policy Committee, the senior committee that steered the Manhattan Project, that gaseous diffusion enrichment in excess of 50 percent was probably infeasible, and that the gaseous diffusion plant would be limited to producing product with a lower enrichment that could be fed into the calutrons of the Y electromagnetic plant.

Urey therefore began preparations to mass-produce the Norris-Adler barrier, despite its problems. Meanwhile, Union Carbide and Kellex had made researchers at the Bakelite Corporation, a subsidiary of Union Carbide, aware of Nix's unsuccessful efforts with powdered nickel barriers. To Frazier Groff and other researchers at Bakelite's laboratories in Bound Brook, New Jersey , it seemed that Nix was not taking advantage of the latest techniques, and they began their own development efforts. Both Bell and Bound Brook sent samples of their powdered nickel barriers to Taylor for evaluation, but he was unimpressed; neither had come up with a practical barrier.

Johnson, who was aware of the steps taken by the SAM laboratories to improve the Norris-Adler barrier, realized that they could also be taken with the Bakelite barrier. The result was a barrier better than either, although still short of what was required. At a meeting at Columbia with the Army in attendance on 20 October , Keith proposed switching the development effort to the Johnson barrier. Urey balked at this, fearing that this would destroy morale at the SAM Laboratories. The issue was put to Groves at a meeting on 3 November , and he decided to pursue development of both the Johnson and Norris-Adler barriers.

Groves summoned British help, in the form of Wallace Akers and fifteen members of the British gaseous diffusion project, who would review the progress made thus far. Johnson built a pilot plant for the new process at the Nash Building. Taylor analyzed the sample barriers produced and pronounced only 5 percent of them to be of acceptable quality.

With plenty of nickel to work with, by April , both pilot plants were producing barriers of acceptable quality 45 percent of the time. The site chosen was at the Clinton Engineer Works in Tennessee. The lower humidity of these areas made them more suitable for a gaseous diffusion plant, but the Clinton Engineer Works site was immediately available and otherwise suitable. Groves decided on the site in April Under the contract, Kellex had responsibility not just for the design and engineering of the K plant, but for its construction as well.

The prime construction contractor was J. Jones Construction from Charlotte, North Carolina. It had impressed Groves with its work on several major Army construction projects, [46] such as Camp Shelby, Mississippi. Cornelius became the construction officer responsible for K works on 31 July Allison was the resident engineer from Kellex, and Edwin L.

Jones, the General Manager of J. Construction began before completion of the design for the gaseous diffusion process. Due to the large amount of electric power that the K plant was expected to consume, it was decided to provide it with its own electric power plant. While the Tennessee Valley Authority TVA believed that it could supply the Clinton Engineer Works' needs, there was unease about relying on a single supplier when a power failure could cost the gaseous diffusion plant weeks of work, and the lines to TVA could be sabotaged.

A local plant was more secure. The Kellex engineers were also attracted to the idea of being able to generate the variable frequency current required by the gaseous diffusion process without complicated transformers. A site was chosen for this on the western edge of the Clinton Engineer Works site where it could draw cold water from the Clinch River and discharge warm water into Poplar Creek without affecting the inflow.

Groves approved this location on 3 May Jones started construction work the following day. Despite this, there was one act of sabotage, in which a nail was driven through the electric cable. The culprit was never found, but was considered more likely to be a disgruntled employee than an Axis spy. Electric power in the United States was generated at 60 Hertz; the power house was able to generate variable frequencies between 45 and 60 Hertz, and constant frequencies of 60 and Hertz.

This capability was not ultimately required, and all but one of the K systems ran on a constant 60 Hertz, the exception using a constant Hertz. The power plant could also receive power from TVA. It was decommissioned in the s and demolished in A site for the K facility was chosen near the high school of the now-abandoned town of Wheat. As the dimensions of the K facility became more apparent, it was decided to move it to a larger site near Poplar Creek, closer to the power plant. This site was approved on 24 June Existing roads in the area were improved to take heavy traffic.

The first carload of freight traversed the line on 18 September It was initially intended that the construction workers should live off-site, but the poor condition of the roads and a shortage of accommodations in the area made commuting long and difficult, and in turn made it difficult to find and retain workers. Construction workers therefore came to be housed in large hutment and trailer camps.

Jones camp for K workers, known as Happy Valley, [58] held 15, people. This required 8 dormitories, 17 barracks, 1, hutments, 1, trailers and Victory Houses. Normally buildings containing complicated heavy machinery would rest on concrete columns down to the bedrock, but this would have required thousands of columns of different length.


  • Variations in amenable mortality--trends in 16 high-income nations. - Semantic Scholar;
  • Soft Murmur (A Daring Cane Book 1).
  • ;
  • The Church in the Book of Esther?
  • .

To save time soil compaction was used instead. Layers were laid down and compacted with sheepsfoot rollers in the areas that had to be filled in, and the footings were laid over compacted soil in the low-lying areas and the undisturbed soil in the areas that had been excavated. Activities overlapped, so concrete pouring began while grading was still going on.

Kellex's design for the main process building of K called for a four-story U-shaped structure 0. Within these were cells of six stages. The cells could be operated independently, or consecutively, within a section. Similarly, the sections could be operated separately or as part of a single cascade. The ground floor contained the cells.

The third level contained the piping. The fourth floor was the operating floor, which contained the control room, and the hundreds of instrument panels. From here, the operators monitored the process. Special efforts were made to create as clean an environment as possible to areas where piping or fixtures were being installed. Jones established a special cleanliness unit on 18 April Buildings were completely sealed off, air was filtered, and all cleaning was with vacuum cleaners and mopping.

Workers wore white lintless gloves. Although by far the largest, the main process building K was but one of many that made up the facility. There was a conditioning building K , where piping and equipment were cleaned prior to installation. A feed purification building K , was built to remove impurities from the uranium hexafluoride, but never operated as such because the suppliers provided feed good enough to be fed into the gaseous diffusion process.

The three-storey surge and waste removal building K processed the "tail" stream of depleted uranium hexafluoride.

Navigation menu

The compressed air plant K contained compressors. The nitrogen plant K provided nitrogen gas that was used as a pump sealant and to protect equipment from moist air. The fluorine generating plant K generated, bottled and stored fluorine. A process developed by the Hooker Chemical Company was chosen. Due to the hazardous nature of fluorine, it was decided that shipping it across the United States was inadvisable, and that it should be manufactured on site at the Clinton Engineer Works. The administration building K provided 2 acres 0.

A laboratory building K contained facilities for testing and analyzing feed and product. Originally this was on the K site. The buildings were moved on a truck to make way for K There were also warehouses for general stores K , spare parts K and equipment K A cafeteria K provided meal facilities, including a segregated lunch room for African Americans.

There were three changing houses KA, B and C , a dispensary K , an instrument repair building K , and a fire station K In mid-January , Kellex proposed an extension to K to allow product enrichment of up to 85 percent. Grove initially approved this, but later canceled it in favor of a stage side feed unit, which became known as K, that could process a slightly enriched product. This could then be fed into K or the calutrons at the Y Kellex estimated that using the enriched feed from K could lift the output from K from 35 to 60 percent uranium The preliminary specification for the K plant in March called for it to produce 1 kilogram 2.

On the other hand, the cascade design meant that construction did not need to be complete before the plant started operating. This would be through a wholly owned subsidiary, Carbon and Carbide Chemicals. The contract was terminated early on 1 May , when Union Carbide took over the plant. The plant was turned over to Union Carbide on 1 February Part of the K complex was taken over by Union Carbide in August , and was run as a pilot plant, training operators and developing procedures, using nitrogen instead of uranium hexafluoride until October , and then perfluoroheptane until April Jones completed the first 60 stages by the end of