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All heroes will be flawed. Their heroism lay in their creative energy in the face of these difficulties, not in their moral perfection. To sneer at such a person for their failings is the philosophy of those who seek comfort in the conventional.

Ebooks by Thomas Carlyle

In , he published his anti-democratic Past and Present , with its doctrine of ordered work. Carlyle wrote it in seven weeks as a respite from the harassing labor of writing Cromwell. He was inspired by the recently published Chronicles of the Abbey of Saint Edmund's Bury , which had been written by Jocelin of Brakelond at the close of the 12th century. This account of a medieval monastery had taken Carlyle's fancy, and he drew upon it in order to contrast the monks' reverence for work and heroism with the sham leadership of his own day.

All these books were influential in their day, especially on writers such as Charles Dickens and John Ruskin. However, after the Revolutions of and political agitations in the United Kingdom, Carlyle published a collection of essays entitled Latter-Day Pamphlets , in , in which he attacked democracy as an absurd social ideal, mocking the idea that objective truth could be discovered by weighing up the votes for it, while equally condemning hereditary aristocratic leadership as a "deadening.

Two of these essays, No. I: "The Present Times" and No. He has one idea — a hatred of spoken and acted falsehood; and on this, he harps through the whole eight pamphlets". In later writings, Carlyle sought to examine instances of heroic leadership in history.

Thomas Carlyle Life & Works

The Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell presented a positive image of Cromwell : someone who attempted to weld order from the conflicting forces of reform in his own day. Carlyle sought to make Cromwell's words live in their own terms by quoting him directly and then commenting on the significance of these words in the troubled context of the time. Again this was intended to make the past "present" to his readers: "he is epic, still living".


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His essay " Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question " suggested that slavery should never have been abolished, or else replaced with serfdom. As Governor of the Colony, Eyre, fearful of an island-wide uprising, forcibly suppressed the rebellion and had many black peasants killed.

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Hundreds were flogged. He also authorized the execution of George William Gordon , a mixed-race colonial assemblyman who was suspected of involvement in the rebellion. These events created great controversy in Britain, resulting in demands for Eyre to be arrested and tried for murdering Gordon. Carlyle set up rival Governor Eyre Defence and Aid Committee for the defence, arguing that Eyre had acted decisively to restore order. Eyre was twice charged with murder, but the cases never proceeded. Similar hard-line views were expressed in Shooting Niagara, and After?

In this Carlyle tried to show how a heroic leader can forge a state, and help create a new moral culture for a nation. For Carlyle, Frederick epitomized the transition from the liberal Enlightenment ideals of the eighteenth century to a new modern culture of spiritual dynamism embodied by Germany, its thought and its polity. The book is most famous for its vivid, arguably very biased, [ verification needed ] portrayal of Frederick's battles, in which Carlyle communicated his vision of almost overwhelming chaos mastered by the leadership of genius.

Carlyle struggled to write the book, calling it his "Thirteen Years War" with Frederick. Some of the nicknames he came up with for the work included "the Nightmare," "the Minotaur," and "the Unutterable book" [37]. In , he made his first trip to Germany to gather material, visiting the scenes of Frederick's battles and noting their topography. He made another trip to Germany to study battlefields in The work comprised six volumes; the first two volumes appeared in , the third in , the fourth in and the last two in Emerson considered it "Infinitely the wittiest book that was ever written.

The effort involved in the writing of the book took its toll on Carlyle, who became increasingly depressed, and subject to various probably psychosomatic ailments. In he wrote a letter to his sister describing the construction of a small penthouse room over his home in Chelsea , intended as a soundproof writer's room.

Unfortunately, the skylight made it "the noisiest room in the house" [37]. The mixed reception to the book also contributed to Carlyle's decreased literary output. Later writings were generally short essays, notably the unsuccessful The Early Kings of Norway , [40] a series on early-medieval Norwegian warlords. Also An Essay on the Portraits of John Knox appeared in , attempting to prove that the best-known portrait of John Knox did not depict the Scottish prelate. This was linked to Carlyle's long interest in historical portraiture, which had earlier fuelled his project to found a gallery of national portraits, fulfilled by the creation of the National Portrait Gallery, London and the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.

Carlyle was the chief instigator in the foundation of the London Library in In particular, he developed an antipathy to the Keeper of Printed Books, Anthony Panizzi despite the fact that Panizzi had allowed him many privileges not granted to other readers , and criticised him, as the "respectable Sub-Librarian", in a footnote to an article published in the Westminster Review.

Thomas Carlyle

Carlyle had a number of would-be romances before he married Jane Welsh , important as a literary figure in her own right. The most notable were with Margaret Gordon, a pupil of his friend Edward Irving. Even after he met Jane, he became enamoured of Kitty Kirkpatrick , the daughter of a British officer and an Indian princess.

William Dalrymple , author of White Mughals , suggests that feelings were mutual, but social circumstances made the marriage impossible, as Carlyle was then poor. Thomas also had a friendship with the writer Geraldine Jewsbury starting in During that year Jewsbury was going through a depressive state and also experiencing religious doubt. She wrote to Carlyle for guidance and also thanked him for his well-written essays.

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Jewsbury and Jane from then on had a close friendship and Carlyle also helped Jewsbury get on to the English literary scene. Carlyle married Jane Welsh in Welsh was the subject of Leigh Hunt's poem, " Jenny kiss'd Me ". Their marriage proved to be one of the most famous, well documented, and unhappy of literary unions. Over letters between Carlyle and his wife have been published showing the couple had an affection for each other marred by frequent and angry quarrels. It was very good of God to let Carlyle and Mrs Carlyle marry one another, and so make only two people miserable and not four.

Carlyle became increasingly alienated from his wife. Carlyle's biographer James Anthony Froude published posthumously his opinion that the marriage remained unconsummated due to impotence. Although she had been an invalid for some time, his wife's sudden death in was unexpected and it greatly distressed Carlyle who was moved to write his highly self-critical "Reminiscences of Jane Welsh Carlyle", published posthumously. Carlyle was named Lord Rector of Edinburgh University. Three weeks after his inaugural address there, Jane died, and he partly retired from active society.

His last years were spent at 24 Cheyne Row then numbered 5 , Chelsea, London SW3 which is now a National Trust property [53] commemorating his life and works but he hankered after a return to Craigenputtock. Upon Carlyle's death on 5 February , it is a measure of his standing that interment in Westminster Abbey was offered; this was rejected by his executors due to Carlyle's expressed wish to be buried beside his parents in Ecclefechan. Carlyle would have preferred that no biography of him was written, but when he heard that his wishes would not be respected and several people were waiting for him to die before they published, he relented and supplied his friend James Anthony Froude with many of his and his wife's papers.

Carlyle's essay about his wife was included in Reminiscences, published shortly after his death by Froude, who also published the Letters and Memorials of Jane Welsh Carlyle annotated by Carlyle himself. Froude's Life of Carlyle was published over — The frankness of this book was unheard of by the usually respectful standards of 19th-century biographies of the period. However, the biography in question was consistent with Carlyle's own conviction that the flaws of heroes should be openly discussed, without diminishing their achievements.

Froude, who had been designated by Carlyle himself as his biographer-to-be, was acutely aware of this belief. Froude's defence of his decision, My Relations With Carlyle , was published posthumously in , including a reprint of Carlyle's will, in which Carlyle equivocated: "Express biography of me I had really rather that there should be none. Described as one of the "most adamant protagonists" of Anglo-Saxonism , [58] Carlyle considered the Anglo-Saxon race as superior to all others.

Carlyle held staunchly anti-Jewish views. Invited by Baron Rothschild in to support a Bill in Parliament to allow voting rights for Jews in the United Kingdom , Carlyle declined to offer his support to what he named the "Jew Bill". In a correspondence with Richard Monckton Milnes he insisted that Jews were hypocritical to want admission into the British Parliament, suggesting that a "real Jew" could only be a representative or citizen of "his own wretched Palestine ", and in this context, declared that all Jews should be expelled to modern-day Israel. The inner secret of the features had been evidently caught.

There was a likeness which no sculptor, no photographer, had yet equaled or approached. Afterward, I knew not how it seemed to fade away. Thomas Carlyle is notable both for his continuation of older traditions of the Tory satirists of the 18th century in England and for forging a new tradition of Victorian era criticism of progress known as sage writing.


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    8. Carlyle is also important for helping to introduce German Romantic literature to Britain. Although Samuel Taylor Coleridge had also been a proponent of Schiller , Carlyle's efforts on behalf of Schiller and Goethe would bear fruit.


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    The reputation of Carlyle's early work remained high during the 19th century but declined in the 20th century. George Orwell called him, "a master of belittlement.

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    Even at his emptiest sneer as when he said that Whitman thought he was a big man because he lived in a big country the victim does seem to shrink a little. That [ Friedrich Nietzsche , whose ideas are comparable to Carlyle's in some respects, [69] [70] was dismissive of his moralism, calling him an "absurd muddlehead" in Beyond Good and Evil [71] and regarded him as a thinker who failed to free himself from the very petty-mindedness he professed to condemn.

    Sartor Resartus has recently been recognized once more as a remarkable and significant work, arguably anticipating many major philosophical and cultural developments, from Existentialism to Postmodernism. Essentially a Romantic , Carlyle attempted to reconcile Romantic affirmations of feeling and freedom with respect for historical and political fact.

    Many believe that he was always more attracted to the idea of heroic struggle itself than to any specific goal for which the struggle was being made. Carlyle had quite a few unusual definitions at hand, which were collected by the Nuttall Encyclopedia.

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    Some include:. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Scottish historian, satirical writer, essayist, philosopher and teacher. This article is about the writer. For the Irvingite, see Thomas Carlyle lawyer. Ecclefechan , Dumfriesshire , Scotland. London , England. Great man theory Hero-worship theory The dismal science polemics Carlyle circle mathematics.

    Jane Welsh m. Main article: Sartor Resartus. Main article: Past and Present. New York: D. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 December Fraser's Magazine for Town and Country. Cambridge University Press, p. February The American Mathematical Monthly. Archived from the original PDF on 21 December Retrieved 6 November Farlex Free Library. Retrieved 19 September Professional Works. Criminal Brief.