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Death is the permanent cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. . One of the challenges in defining death is in distinguishing it from life. As a point in time, death would seem to refer to the moment at which life ends.
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A coroner is a doctor or lawyer appointed by a local authority to investigate certain deaths. In Northern Ireland, the Lord Chancellor appoints a coroner. They're completely independent of the authority and has a separate office and staff. You will find the address of your local coroner's office in the telephone directory.

A coroner can investigate a death if the body is in their district, even though the death took place somewhere else, for example, abroad. In some cases the coroner will need to order a post-mortem, in which case the body will be taken to hospital for this to be carried out. You do not have the right to object to a post-mortem ordered by the coroner, but should tell the coroner if you have religious or other strong objections.

In cases where a death is reported to a coroner because the person had not seen a doctor in the previous 14 days 28 in Northern Ireland the coroner will consult with the person's GP and will usually not need to order a post-mortem. A death reported to a coroner cannot be registered until the coroner's investigations are complete and a certificate has been issued allowing registration to take place.

This means that the funeral will usually also be delayed. Where a post-mortem has taken place the coroner must give permission for cremation. An inquest is a legal inquiry into a death. Only a coroner can order an inquest and relatives have no right to insist on one.

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It is held in public sometimes with a jury by a coroner where the death was violent or unnatural or took place in prison or police custody or where the cause of death is still uncertain after a post-mortem or, in Northern Ireland, where a child has died in care. An inquest may take place into a death which took place abroad if the body has been returned to the UK.

Relatives may attend an inquest and ask questions of witnesses.

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In England and Wales legal aid may be available for legal advice on inquests. In Northern Ireland legal aid is not available for inquests but some pre-inquest advice may be available under the green form scheme. The inquest should provide more information about how and why the death took place and whether anyone else was responsible. In some cases, a criminal prosecution may later take place. Once the inquest has been held the death can be registered and the funeral can take place although in some cases the coroner may allow the funeral to go ahead before the inquest is over.

A funeral can take place any time after death. Anyone close to the person can arrange the funeral. There is no legal obligation for relatives to follow these instructions. In some cases, relatives may want burial or cremation to take place abroad. The rules about this are very complex and the help of a specialist funeral director will be needed.

Permission from a coroner is always needed before a body can be sent abroad. If there are no relatives or friends to arrange a funeral, in England and Wales, the local authority or health authority will arrange a simple funeral. The public authority that arranges the funeral will then try to recover the cost from any money left by the person who died. If the money left isn't enough, the public authority can sometimes recover the funeral cost from a spouse or civil partner but not from anybody else.

Most funerals are arranged through a funeral director who used to be known as an undertaker. Some local authorities also run their own funeral services by arrangement with a local firm of funeral directors. If a funeral director is not a member of a professional association or a complaint is not dealt with satisfactorily, you may need to take legal action against the funeral director.

When you use the services of a funeral director, the law gives you certain rights as a consumer. The person who arranges the funeral is responsible for paying the final bill and it is important to know where the money for the funeral will come from. The person who died may have taken out a pre-paid funeral plan, paying for their funeral in advance. It is important to check their personal papers to see if they had a plan. If they did, this should cover the whole cost of the funeral. If there is no funeral plan, the cost of the funeral will normally be met out of any money left by the person who had died and, where money has been left, the funeral bill should be paid before any other bills or debts.

Even if the person's bank account has been frozen following the death it may be possible to have funds released from a building society or national savings account on showing the death certificate. The person may also have had an insurance policy which will cover funeral costs. In other cases, relatives may need to borrow money until the person's money and property are sorted out. Some funeral directors will allow payment to be delayed until this has happened. Some people do not leave enough money to pay for even a simple funeral. If this happens, the person arranging the funeral will have to pay for it, although other relatives or friends may be willing to contribute.

There is no general death grant, but if you are in this situation and you receive a means-tested social security benefit such as income support you may be able to get a payment from your local council known as a funeral payment to cover the cost of a simple funeral. Even where a funeral payment is made, it may not cover the full cost of the funeral and you may still have to pay the difference.

If the person who died was receiving a war disablement pension, Veterans UK will help with the cost of a simple funeral. The address is The funeral director should always give a written estimate of the cost of the funeral, but the final bill may be higher.

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The bill will cover the costs of burial or cremation, the fees for the funeral service and the professional services of the funeral director. There will also be charges for extras, such as flowers, cars, service sheets and newspaper notices. Anyone who receives a means-tested benefit such as income support may be able to receive help from the Department for Work and Pension's or in Northern Ireland the Social Security Agency's social fund through a budgeting loan towards the cost of travelling to the funeral of a close relative. If the person who is paying for the funeral is receiving a means-tested benefit it may be possible to receive help through a funeral payment towards the cost of travelling to the funeral.

You can arrange a funeral without the help of a funeral director. If you wish to do this, contact the Cemeteries and Crematorium Department of your local authority for advice and guidance. A burial can take place in a churchyard, a local authority cemetery or a private cemetery. Burials can also take place on private land, or in a woodland site, although in Northern Ireland this will have to be approved by the authority responsible for the site. Anyone living within the parish has the right to be buried in the parish churchyard, if there is space, or in any adjoining burial ground.

Some churches may allow others to be buried there as well for example, ex-parishioners or those with family graves. There is no right to be buried in any particular part of a churchyard or burial ground. Most cemeteries are owned by local authorities or private companies and are non-denominational although some have space dedicated to particular religious groups.


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In the case of a local authority cemetery, anyone living in the authority's area has the right to burial in the cemetery. Others may also be allowed burial, but for a higher burial fee. In most cemeteries there are various categories of graves.

Some graves do not give exclusive rights to burial while others give the right of exclusive burial for a set period of time. It is important to check the papers of the person who has died to find out if they have already purchased a grave space in a churchyard, cemetery or woodland burial ground. Although there is no law preventing burials on private land including a garden anyone wishing to do this should contact their local authority, who may issue a certificate confirming that the burial is lawful.

This includes a wide range of information about burial and cremation, including information about burial on private land, for example, woodlands, farmland or gardens. It also provides information on funerals without funeral directors, and environmental issues. You can contact the Institute of Cemetery and Crematorium Management at:. The Natural Death Centre can give advice on environmentally friendly burials, as well as on inexpensive funerals that do not need the services of a funeral director.

Contact details are:. Most crematoria are run by local authorities. A number of forms are needed before cremation can take place, including a certificate from a doctor, counter-signed by another doctor and an application form completed by a relative.

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These forms are available from the funeral director. The costs of cremation are usually considerably less than the costs of a burial. In Northern Ireland, you can ask for a priest, minister or clergyman to conduct a service at the crematorium. The crematorium can provide you with contact details if necessary. The person arranging the service may choose any form of service.

If you do not want any form of religious ceremony, the British Humanist Association can give advice on a non-religious secular service. The Association's address is If you do not want a service of any kind the funeral director can arrange for burial or cremation without any form of service.

If, for any reason, there is no body, a memorial service can be arranged instead of a funeral service. Ashes may be scattered or buried at the crematorium, either by crematorium staff or by relatives and friends. Ashes can also be buried in a churchyard or cemetery, often with a short service. Ashes can generally be scattered anywhere, but if you wish to scatter ashes on private land you should get consent from the landowner. Although UK law allows ashes to be taken abroad, many countries have strict rules on the importation of ashes and it is important to check before travelling.

Churchyards and cemeteries have firm rules about the size and type of memorials that are allowed and it is important to check on these rules before ordering anything. Church of England churchyards usually have more rules than local authority cemeteries. Some woodland cemeteries permit wooden plaques but most will only allow the planting of a tree. In Northern Ireland you should contact your local minister, clergyman or parish priest before arranging the erection of a memorial. The design of the memorial may be subject to approval.