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Harassed throughout his adult life by police, Klansmen, street thugs, and the FBI, King was stabbed, beaten, jailed, shot at, and his home was bombed. King never relented, and was unfortunately assassinated in On this day in , Lurleen Wallace succeeded her husband as Governor of Alabama. The ambitious George C. Wallace was barred from running for governor again, based on term limits set forth in the Alabama Constitution. Wallace enacted a plan to have his wife run with the understanding the he would govern behind the scenes.

Lurleen Wallace was inaugurated in Lurleen died in , succeeded by Lieutenant Governor Albert Brewer. Wallace overturned the one term limit on Alabama governors. He returned to the governors chair in George Wallace is remembered as one of the great antagonists of the civil rights movement. Lurleen Wallace is remembered as a decent woman who was used by her husband for his own political ends.

This well publicized move was intended to bring attention to the destitute living conditions. King also began to focus on peace abroad, connecting racism at home to militarism around the world. King was mired in a bureaucratic labyrinth that seemed to have no end. He began the Chicago Campaign worn out and weary. Born a slave and self educated, Fortune moved to New York in and started what eventually became the New York Age, one of the leading black papers of the era. Fortune was a trailblazing muck-raker.

He eventually became friends with Booker T. Washington, but later had a falling out over their different views. The Afro-American League challenged commonly held assumptions about race and equality. African Americans constituted 11 percent of the country's population, but existed on the fringe. The AAL and Fortune spoke out against lynching, mob violence, and discrimination of all forms.

The public was not ready to listen, and the AAL disbanded after only four years. Even though little was accomplished, the concept was revolutionary, serving as a springboard for other national Negro Organizations.


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She studied philosophy and became interested in Marxism. She later attended a doctoral program in Germany, but returned in to take part in civil rights events in the United States. She moved to Southern California in the late 's and became affiliated with the Black Panthers. Davis was placed on the FBI's most wanted list, for going into hiding after being accused of providing handguns to prisoners during a failed prison escape.

Davis was captured 2 months later and spent 18 months in prison. A "Free Angela Movement" began, and centered on her treatment and upcoming trial. She was eventually acquitted of all charges. Since then, Davis has spent much her time working on prison reform, while advocating democratic socialism. Raised in Connecticut, Ruggles focused on the antislavery movement in Ruggles later published a magazine, Mirror of Liberty, recognized by many as the first periodical owned by a person of color.

Ruggles worked as a conductor for the Underground Railroad in , reputedly helping to free more than 1, slaves. A notable public agitator, Ruggles, committed numerous acts of civil disobedience. A committed activist, Ruggles, like many of the early abolitionists, was a man ahead of his time. January 28th — Mississippi Congressman Bennie Thompson Born On this day in , Bennie Thompson, a grassroots volunteer, labor organizer, student activist, community leader, and politician was born in Bolton, Mississippi.

He was a plaintiff, in , for the case of Ayers v. This lawsuit was over the historically gross underfunding of black universities in comparison to white universities. Thompson began as an alderman in his hometown, was then elected mayor, then county supervisor, and finally, in , as the U.

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Representative for Mississippi's second congressional district. When she was16, an angry overseer smashed her head with a rock, almost killing her. She suffered from blackouts for the rest of her life. During a black out she had an epiphany: she had to escape. She left her husband behind, and made her way to Philadelphia and freedom.

She became the most famous Underground Railroad conductor.

Jim Talbert Whistling in Chicago

Known as"Moses," Tubman made many trips to the South, leading groups of slaves to freedom. In her tenure as an Underground Railroad conductor, she never lost a single passenger. She met many of the era's most famous antislavery figures, including John Brown, who called her " one of the bravest persons on the continent. After the war, Tubman continued to work for equal rights for African Americans, while also expanding into women's issues.

She died in at age 92 and was buried with full military honors. The attack was part of the violent reaction by white supremacists to the bus boycott. The boycott was already achieving success, and the then 26 year old, the Rev. He was a key target to local KKK, to stop the boycott. When the bundle of dynamite was tossed on the porch of the parsonage, King was not at home. His wife Coretta, their daughter Yolanda, and a family friend were at home. They survived the blast as they were all in the kitchen when the bomb tore apart the front of the house.

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King sped home, he made sure his family was okay, then went back outside. King turned to the crowd and asked for silence, he then said " We believe in law and order. Don't do anything panicky. Don't get your weapons. He who lives by the sword will perish by the sword. Remember that is what God said. We are not advocating violence. We want to love our enemies and let them know you love them. At the start of the 19th century, abolitionists gained footholds in many major American cities, eventually birthing a political party, the Republicans, using the slogan, "Free soil, free labor, free speech, free men.

Jim Talbert Whistling in Chicago: "The Birth" by Timothy Segrest - leondumoulin.nl

John Brown's failed revolt of , combined with volatile viewpoints of the North and South, eventually led to the Civil War. Slavery was an essential motivation, the South to save its precious economic institution and the North to eliminate the practice. At the end of the war, the North occupied the South during Reconstruction. Sadly, Reconstruction failed, and southern whites regained power. Jim Crow segregation and economic subjugation resulted.

The 13th Amendment remained, but no one seemed ready to act on it. It would be almost another hundred years before the United States government would revisit these broken promises. February 1st — Student Sit in Movement Begins. The next day 25 men and 4 women continued the protest. The third day, students filled 63 of the 65 lunch counter seats. On February 4th, four white students joined the protest. Within a week more than students were "sitting-in" in Greensboro.

With this deliberate action, these young men launched a movement that spread rapidly throughout the area. Within two months, the sit-ins had spread to more than 50 cities in 9 states. By July Woolworth's desegregated its lunch counter. The effect of the sit-ins changed the focus of the civil rights movement from litigation to confrontation and personal challenges of discriminatory conditions. The movement became more volatile and sped up the process of desegregation. February 2nd — Evelyn J.

Fields, Maritime Pioneer, Takes the Helm. On this day in , Evelyn J. Fields became the first African American woman to command a U. Government oceangoing vessel. She was then commissioned as an ensign and served as a junior officer on board the Mt. She later became operations officer on board the Pierce , then executive officer, and finally commanding officer on the McArthur. After her sea tours, Fields took part in the U. Fields' list of honors and commendations is endless. Rear Admiral Fields is a member of several professional societies.

On this day in , the 15th Amendment to the U. Constitution was ratified. The 13th Amendment had outlawed slavery, and the14th gave full U. However, Republicans worried that ex-Confederates would attempt to regain political control, so congress passed the 15th Amendment hoping to secure forever the rights of freed slaves.

This amendment empowered blacks across the South during Reconstruction. Thousands of African Americans were elected to political office. The Congress and the state legislatures began passing radical measures to eliminate all race-based laws. At the same time they instituted reforms such as a universal public education.