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Besides, it also helped to check the stratigraphic position of the unique ceramic types unearthed in the last season from the site in relation to the ceramic types found from the adjoining sites. A trench measuring 5 x 5 m adjacent to the last season's trial-trench was taken up at DatranaIV Hadka wala Khetar in the current season. Excavation revealed virtually the same stratigraphic features reported earlier. The total cultural deposit at the site varying from 65 to 90 cm, belonged II. The Chalcolithic period was represented by a number of long blades pl.

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IVA , crested ridge blades, prismatic blade-cores pl. IVB , and considerable quantity of lithic industry debitage. There was also enough evidence for the production of small disc beads and tubular beads of agate and carnelian at the site in the form of bead preforms and discarded and unfinished ones pl.

Besides, foliated and semi-cylindrical drill-bits of chalcedony and agate were also found in this deposit. The pottery associated with this assemblage included a distinct type of black-and-red ware, a fine red ware, burnished red and grey wares. The latter two types have a peculiar incised pattern on them.

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Red ware with corrugated body and incised decorations were also common. These pottery types, comparable to the pre-Prabhas pottery, were also reported from Somnath in District Junagadh. In addition to these, some sherds of burial-type pottery reported from Nagwada and Santhli in Districts Surendranagar and Banaskantha respectively, were also found associated. All these artefacts were found in discrete clusters, associated with heaps of animal bones.

Many of these clusters included well finished tools, unused nodules, hammer-stones and small pieces of copper and therefore, it appeared to be the working area of individual stone knappers. Apart from these, the site revealed no concrete evidence of structural remains of this period.

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Underlying directly below the Chalcolithic deposit was the Mesolithic deposit with a thickness of 50 to 60 cm, marked by the absence of long blades, crested ridge blades, cores and pottery. The lithic assemblage included crudely worked micro blade-cores, palette stones of sandstone and small backed tools like the lunates, triangle, trapeziums and points fig. The most preferred raw materials for making lithic tools during this period were chert and jasper rather than chalcedony of the Chalcolithic period.

The faunal remains collected from this deposit were fragmentary and relatively small in quantity. In addition to it, a large number of otoliths were also collected from the Mesolithic deposit, tentatively identified as three different varieties of marine fish. Datrana-V Patel nu Khetar with a distinct concentration of artefacts, located about m north-east of Datrana-IV, showed a good concentration of microlithic tools, animal bones and pottery, indicating several features different from the Datrana-IV assemblage.

A trench measuring 5x5 m was opened at this site for evaluating the distinct features of the assemblage as also for understanding its stratigraphic relationship with Datrana-IV The excavation revealed a basic similarity in the stratigraphic sequence of cultures at both the sites.

The Chalcolithic deposit measuring about 15 to 20 cm, represented by the base part of two large vessels were found in situ, and a few potsherd of similar vessels reported from the burials at Nagwada in District Surendranagar and from Santhli in District Banaskantha. Besides these two pots and a few nondescript long chalcedony blades, no worthwhile artefact of the Chalcolithic period could be obtained. Underlying this was a Mesolithic deposit with a thickness of 60 to 70 cm. The artefact assemblage of this period included a large number of geometric microliths like the lunates pi. VB , triangles and trapeziums and non-geometric ones like the points, borers and small scrapers.

Chertjasper and agate were the lithic raw materials predominantly used in their production. A few hammer-stones, flat sandstone palettes, and red ochre crayons bearing grinding marks in association with fragmentary bones, horn-cores and teeth of exploited animals were also recovered from this deposit. The absence of prismatic blade-cores and crude blades in the assemblage was perhaps due to the less specialized lithic technology during this period than that of the Chalcolithic deposit.

These features of the industry are however, comparable with the features of the Mesolithic assemblage unearthed at Datrana-IV, thereby indicating a stratigraphic correlation between the two.

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Datrana-II Ravechi mata no Timbo is located about 1 km east of Datrana-IV, on a large stabilized sand-dune, flanked by two interdunal depressions at the southern and northern sides. The evidence of Chalcolithic occupation at this site was patchy and probably confined to the southern slope of the mound. A number of well made "Sorath Harappan" pottery and a few sherds of posturban Lustrous Red Ware were collected from this site in the exploratory survey. Hence, excavation at this site was conducted primarily to check the stratigraphic relationship of this pottery with the unique pottery assemblage unearthed from the blade industry site at Datrana-IV.

The excavation at three carefully selected trenches, each measuring 5 x 5 m revealed a single period Chalcolithic occupation. Interestingly, habitation deposit in all these three trenches were confined to pits of different dimensions: the largest one, with a diameter of about of 2. These pits have yielded a rich collection of pottery most of which belonged to the well made "Sorath Harappan" pottery, analogous to the Rojdi - A and B types figs. Made of very finely ellutriated clay, uniformly well-baked, these contained paintings of typical bull figures fig.

One of the pits in the excavation yielded a number of Lustrous Red Ware bowls, dishes and vessels with a corrugated neck, typical of the post-urban Harappan sites of Saurashtra. Similarly, most of the pottery recovered from a third pit was of gritty red ware and fine red ware belonging to the regional Chalcolithic ceramic tradition of north Gujarat. However, the unique types of pottery recovered from Datrana-IV, were not found in any of the trenches at this site.

It appears, therefore, that these two sites are chronologically well separated and the occupation at Datrana-IV seems to be much earlier than Datrana-II. Although no habitational structures could be located in the excavation, this might suggest a local production of pottery. Parekh, V. Sonawane, P. University, Baroda, carried out systematic exploration in Santalpur taluk, District Banaskantha, for locating Harappan affiliated Chalcolithic sites in this region.

During this exploration nine new sites affiliated. The details of their location, cultural affiliation and approximate size are given below. University, Baroda, carried out excavation in one of the Mesolithic rock-shelters in the Sukhi valley. The site 'N; 'E , in the midst of a small granite hillock in village Ambakut, is about 1 km north of the Sukhi irrigation dam in Pavi-Jetpur taluk, District Vadodara.


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It is situated at a comfortable height of about 10 m from the surrounding Facing east, the rock-shelter is reasonably large with a five metre deep gallery and an opening of about 9. The entire site within the shelter was first of all divided into four quadrants; each quadrant was then divided into 1. Thus, the 1. The excavation covered a total area of 20 square metres. The habitation deposit at the site belonged to two distinct cultural periods: the Mesolithic and the medieval.

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Since the actual floor of the shelter was slightly uneven and sloping down from the rear end towards the front, there was a corresponding variation in the thickness of the deposit within the shelter, which thus varied from 30 cm to 80 cm. Stratigraphically the top 20 to 25 cm deposit in the shelter showed evidence of medieval occupation. A retaining wall of large granite blocks was built during this period and the enclosed area was filled with large stones to raise it as a small platform.

This deposit, therefore, was mixed with a few microliths and medieval pottery. Underneath this, there was a 50 to 60 cm thick Mesolithic deposit in which three working levels could be identified on the basis of relative abundance of microlithic tools, grinding stones or flat sandstone palettes, hammers and anvils of the Mesolithic assemblage.

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The microlithic industry included geometric tools like the triangles, trapeziums and lunates pi. VI A and non-geometric ones like the backed-blades, points, burins and variety of scrapers pi. In addition to these, there were a number of cores, anvils and hammers of quartzite, quartz and a few sandstone palettes which might have been used as grinding stones. A number of red ochre nodules faceted due to grinding also formed part of the assemblage pl. VII A.

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One of these red ochre nodules was ground from all sides so as to prepare a sharp needle-like point. It was also very hard and tough. Considering these attributes, it could be suggested that it might have been used as sharp point, just as any other microlithic point.


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Another interesting aspect of the industry was the presence of a number of heavy-duty tools made on large blades and flakes pl. VII B. Although these large tools found at different levels in the deposit were generally abundant in the lower levels. Quartz was the most abundantly used raw material throughout the Mesolithic deposit. A preliminary study of the distribution of raw materials in various levels indicated that the.

Natural formations of fine-grained chert, chalcedony or agate were not reported so far from anywhere in the valley or the adjoining regions. In the initial stage, these fine materials were perhaps brought into the valley from outside and only later, the Mesolithic settlers at the site started depending more and more on the locally available quartz. Moreover, the typical Mesolithic tools like lunates and backed-blades found in this early deposit were larger than the usuaJ ones, which incorporated a large number of heavy-duty tools made on large blades and flakes.

No skeletal remains of the animals exploited by the Mesolithic community could be found in the entire excavation. It was not certain whether it was due to the chemical decomposition and subsequent degeneration of bones in an acutely acidic soil formed by the weathering of granite or due to some peculiar cultural behaviour of the Mesolithic community. The chemical analysis of soil and other sedimentary samples collected from the shelter might throw some light in this regard. In continuation of the previous , year's , pp.