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The existing knowledge of the fauna in the proposed study area should be used to determine if a new survey is both necessary and justified. Sources of such information include:. The outcome of this background research will reveal the extent of the proposed survey necessary to meet the project objective. For example, there may already be sufficient information about some species, in which case there will be no need to re-survey these, thus reducing animal usage.

Reduction in animal usage by the application of existing knowledge depends on the availability and accessibility of that knowledge. For that reason, wildlife surveyors are encouraged to publish survey information whenever possible, and to lodge results where they can be accessed in the future. Refinement in survey techniques comes from substituting non-invasive techniques such as camera traps where they can provide the same information as conventional trapping techniques.

It is not the purpose of these guidelines to provide detailed technical advice about the design and methodology of wildlife surveys.

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Rather, the intent is to show how the welfare of animals can be protected during surveys by employing appropriate design and methodology. This section is a general discussion of these issues.


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In later sections more specific suggestions are made. The following points should be considered when designing a wildlife survey:. The following general points should be considered when determining the methods to be used in a wildlife survey. Careful selection of a survey design and methodologies can greatly improve the welfare of animals during wildlife surveys.

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The collection of voucher specimens is a traditional part of scientific research. However, it is a practice of concern to some sections of the community. Wildlife surveyors intending to collect voucher specimens should consult the Panel's guidelines for Collection of voucher specimens. With the recent advances in genetic screening, consider taking only a tissue sample that can be used for genetic analysis. Briefly, some important points are listed below. All applications to an AEC for wildlife research require a detailed description of emergency procedures. The purpose of these is to ensure that threats to the welfare of animals resulting from emergencies are mitigated.

In the context of wildlife surveys, emergencies include events such as injuries to animals, inclement weather, floods, bushfires and the illness or injury of the surveyors. Investigators should be conversant with the Panel's policy, Emergency Procedures. Issues particularly relevant to wildlife surveys include the following. Emergency euthanasia or killing of specimens for vouchers may need to be carried out by surveyors in the field. The following points about euthanasia need to be considered.

Investigators should be conversant with the Panel's policy, The use of restricted drugs and the conduct of restricted acts of veterinary science in animal research , which details the legal requirements for using sodium pentobarbitone. Zoonotic diseases those which affect both animals and humans and may be passed between them are known to be present in Australian native animals e. Australian bat lyssavirus. Ticks carried by native animals can pose a serious threat to human health. Tick borne diseases including Australian Tick Typhus or 'Spotted Fever', Lyme disease, Babesiosis , tick paralysis and severe allergic reactions including Red Meat Allergy, whilst uncommon, can pose a serious health threat.

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Diseases may also be transferred between animals. Surveyors should therefore take basic precautions to prevent animal—animal, animal—human and human—animal transfer of disease. Such precautions include the following:. Should anyone who handled animals become ill within 2 months of a survey, the attending medical practitioner should be informed of the potential exposure to zoonoses. Further information on zoonoses can be obtained from NSW Health.

The Office of Environment and Heritage have developed a number of guidelines on biodiversity surveys and how to sample native fauna.

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There are also specific guidelines on how to survey for NSW threatened species. The Commonwealth Department of the Environment has also prepared survey guidelines for nationally listed mammals, bats, birds, reptiles, frogs and identify which techniques are applicable to the species level. Some mammal species leave signs scats and tracks sufficiently distinctive to provide positive identification. The sign of many Australian mammal species is described in Triggs Signs which indicate the presence of species or groups of species should be used in surveys wherever possible.

The use of hair tubes is described by Scotts and Craig , Lindenmayer et al and Mills et al Points to consider are:. Ensure that the floor of the tube is free of adhesive tape to prevent small lizards and frogs becoming stuck. If an animal does become stuck to the tape, do not try to pull the tape off, as this may seriously damage the skin. Either carefully trim the tape on the animal to as small a size as possible the remaining tape will be shed during normal skin replacement or gently ease vegetable oil under the tape and slide it off.

Commercially designed hair funnel traps are available with a specially prepared sticky wafer which minimise accidental captures of animals. The use of camera traps has become widespread in fauna survey and applies not only to mammals but also birds and reptiles SEWPAC a , Meek et al The Panel has developed guidelines for the use of pitfall traps, which should be observed see section Radio transmitters are rarely necessary for general wildlife surveys so their use is not covered here in depth.


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    • See the Panel guideline, Radio tracking in wildlife research. Surveys for bats should be carried out by an experienced bat investigator as apart from the fruit bats little is known of their biology or taxonomy and species can be difficult to identify. A description of the use of harp traps can be found in Tidemann and Woodside Points additional to those in 5.

    Platypuses are one of the most difficult species to handle and maintain in captivity, because they are highly susceptible to pronounced life-threatening physiological stress unless managed very carefully and with a high degree of knowledge and expertise NHMRC Wildlife surveys would rarely need to capture platypus to establish their presence. Direct observation at dawn and dusk of suitable riverine habitat is sufficient to establish their presence but not their absence. Numerous methods have been developed for the detection of birds in wildlife survey and the structuring of sample design SEWPAC b.

    Choosing an appropriate design and method will depend entirely on the questions being asked. The advent of cheap digital acoustic recorders that allow the continuous recording of ambient noise has allowed acoustic monitoring to become a viable method of survey. Subsequent sound analysis, using specialised software or expertise, identifies the calls of particular species. This could be an efficient method of detecting species that only occasionally frequent an area or are highly secretive and difficult to detect.

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    Examples of techniques to census owls can be found in Kavanagh and Peake See also section 4. Choosing the correct season is critical for effective surveys of frogs and to a lesser extent with reptiles. Most frog species are active only during the warmer months of the year Spring—Summer—Autumn , although there are some which are active only during the cooler months Autumn and Winter. Outside of their active season many frogs aestivate or go into torpor, usually in burrows, hollows in trees, crevices in timber or rocks or under loose soil. When in torpor, they are undetectable.

    To a lesser extent this may also occur during the active season when weather conditions are unsuitable eg dry. Camera traps can be deployed for reptiles when mounted vertically over a gap in a drift fence. This works particularly well for larger lizards and snakes that are not readily captured with conventional means. Note that the Panel's guideline Use of pitfall traps should be followed. Some species of reptile including Grassland Earless Dragon and Pygmy Bluetongue Lizard inhabit burrowing spider tubes. Inspection of these visually or with an endoscope can be used to detect the presence of these species.

    Marine turtles are very susceptible to heat stress, especially during transport. They can be cooled by the use of wet hessian bags. Confining the animals in small spaces increases the risk of abrasions, and hence infections.