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When the first nuclear weapon was detonated on 16 July in New Mexico, it deposited radionuclides — atoms with excess nuclear energy — across a wide area. Since , more explosive thermonuclear weapons have been tested, leaving a global signature of isotopes such as carbon and plutonium The products of burning fossil fuels will also be an obvious giveaway of the Anthropocene. Current rates of carbon emission are thought to be higher than at any time in the last 65 million years.


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The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has risen sharply since and now exceeds parts per million, which will be recorded in any Antarctic ice cores that manage to survive global warming. Burning fossil fuels has also increased the ratio of carbon to carbon isotopes, which will be detectable in tree rings, limestone, and fossilised bones and shells. Our fuel consumption also spreads small, unburned particles of carbon in the air, which can become captured in sediments and glacial ice. One of the biggest signs of our time will be the presence of three things we use every day: concrete, plastics and aluminium.

Aluminium in its elemental form was unknown before the 19th century, but we have now produced around million tonnes of it. Concrete has been around for longer — it was invented by the Romans — but in the 20th century it became our most widely used building material.

Marks of the Anthropocene: 7 signs we have made our own epoch

We have now produced about 50 billion tonnes of the stuff — enough to spread a kilogram on every square metre of Earth — and more than half of that was made in the last 20 years. Plastics , initially developed in the s, have grown rapidly since the s, and we now produce million tonnes a year. Sediments containing any of these materials will be a clear sign of the Anthropocene. Deforestation , farming, drilling, mining, landfills, dam-building and coastal reclamation are all having widespread effects on sedimentary processes, disrupting how layers of rock are laid down, which will be detectable thousands of years in the future.

Our attempts to feed a burgeoning population will leave clear indicators, too.

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Some 4, laborers worked at top speed, using new technologies such as the Caterpillar tractor and setting records for miles tunneled and pipe cut. The aqueduct channeled the water from the Owens River through canals, pipes and tunnels until it emerged onto a spillway in the San Fernando Valley. The population of Los Angeles was by then around ,; the aqueduct supplied it with enough water for millions, and enabled the explosive growth that would characterize the region in the decades to come. In the s, Owens Valley residents grew angry and frustrated after seeing their farms drained of water, nearly every drop of which was pumped into the steadily growing San Fernando Valley.

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Tragedy struck in , when the St. Francis Dam in northern Los Angeles County burst, inundating the towns of Castaic Junction, Fillmore, Bardsdale and Piru with billions of gallons of water and drowning hundreds of residents.

Marks of the Anthropocene: 7 signs we have made our own epoch

An investigation concluded that the rock in the area had been too unstable to support the dam. Though Mulholland was cleared of charges in connection with the incident, his reputation was ruined, and he was forced to resign. The Los Angeles Aqueduct was extended further north by the early s through the Mono Basin Project, finally reaching a total length of miles kilometers. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!


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Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. The channel, which traverses New York state from Albany to Buffalo on Lake Erie, was considered an engineering marvel when it first opened in Waring Jr. In the early 20th century, the U. Bureau of Reclamation devised plans for a massive dam on the Arizona-Nevada border to tame the Colorado River and provide water and hydroelectric power for the developing Southwest.

Construction within the strict timeframe proved an immense In the frantic weeks that followed the Pearl Harbor attack, many Americans believed that enemy raids on the continental United States were imminent.

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On December 9, , unsubstantiated reports of approaching aircraft had caused a minor invasion panic in New York City and sent The Grand Canyon is a mile-deep gorge in northern Arizona. Scientists estimate the canyon may have formed 5 to 6 million years ago when the Colorado River began to cut a channel through layers of rock. Humans have inhabited the area in and around the canyon since the last Ice Following the failure of a French construction team in the s, the United States commenced building a canal across a mile stretch of the Panama isthmus in