Kate Genovese's first published book, Thirty Years in September: A Nurse's Memoir - a chronicle of thirty years of Kate's nursing career, is a sad, funny and.
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- Thirty Years’ War
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We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, contact us! Subscribe for fascinating stories connecting the past to the present. The Treaty of Westphalia is signed, ending the Thirty Years War and radically shifting the balance of power in Europe.
The Thirty Years War, a series of wars fought by European nations for various reasons, ignited in over an attempt by the king of Bohemia the future Holy One centered on the maritime and colonial conflict between Britain and its Bourbon enemies, France and Spain; the second, on the conflict between Frederick II the Great of Prussia and his opponents: Luther spent his early years in relative anonymity as a monk and scholar.
AGEod - Thirty Years' War
Two factors lay at the origin of the conflict: Much of the fighting took place in what is now northeastern China. The Russo-Japanese War was also a naval conflict, with ships exchanging fire in the By the time the First Punic War broke out, Rome had become the dominant power throughout the Italian peninsula, while Civilizations around the world have been celebrating the start of each new year for at least four millennia.
This website uses cookies for analytics, personalization, and advertising. Click here to learn more or change your cookie settings. By continuing to browse, you agree to our use of cookies. Gustavus Adolphus But in , Sweden, under the leadership of Gustavus Adolphus, took the side of the northern Protestants and joined the fight, with its army helping to push Catholic forces back and regain much of the lost territory lost by the Protestant Union.
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Causes of the Thirty Years’ War
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Thirty Years’ War
East Dane Designer Men's Fashion. Shopbop Designer Fashion Brands. Tilly also had a considerable numerical advantage in the number of veteran, trained infantry. Gustavus has a considerable advantage in his artillery arm; he had moved away from heavy siege artillery into more mobile field pieces, which because of its mobility and rate of fire were pound by pound much more effective than the latter. The Swedes also fielded considerably more powerful muskets by ratio, had far more advanced equipment, and better drills to increase their rate of fire. More important, the Linear Formation allowed most Swedish musketeers to fire at the same time, and allowed the Swedish infantry to match the Imperialist frontage with a smaller number of men, which would be crucial in the later phase of the battle.
Britain and the Thirty Years War
Finally, the Swedish aggressive assault method of firing by triple-ranked salvos at point blank range, compared to the Imperialist's more traditional way of firing by volley would prove to be a nasty shock to Tilly's tercios. The Swedes deployed their 15, infantry in brigades and two lines. The imperial army deployed 25, infantry in a single line of seventeen tercios 1, infantrymen in each. The German allies extended the Swedish-Saxon front to be overall slightly longer than the Imperial. The imperial line had its cavalry evenly distributed on its flanks.
The Swedes had their cavalry weighted to their right. The Saxon allies fielded their infantry in wedge formation with units in squares, and cavalry on their flanks. With their Saxon allies extending the Swedes' line, the Protestants had cavalry at the centre and their flanks. The battle started in the middle of the day and lasted over six hours. The first two hours consisted of an exchange of artillery fire. This was followed by an Imperial attack with cavalry from both wings to both ends of the Protestant line. The cavalry attack routed the Saxon troops on the Swedish left flank.
The Imperial army then conducted a general attack to exploit the exposed left flank. The Swedes repositioned their second line to cover the left flank and counterattacked with their cavalry to both imperial flanks. The attack on the Imperial left was led personally by Gustavus Adolphus, capturing the Imperial artillery and enveloping the Imperial left flank. The Swedes now had much greater weight of fire from their artillery, infantry, and the captured Imperial artillery.
The Imperial line became disorganized under the heavy fire and was enveloped.
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The combined Swedish-Saxon forces were to the north of Leipzig centred around hamlet of Podelwitz, facing southwest toward Breitenfeld and Leipzig. The battle began around mid-day, with a two-hour exchange of artillery fire, during which the Swedes demonstrated firepower in a rate of fire of three to five volleys to one Imperial volley. The same tactics worked an hour or so later when the Imperial cavalry charged the Swedish left flank. During the charges of the Imperialist cuirassiers, Tilly's infantry had remained stationary, but then the cavalry on his right charged the Saxon cavalry and routed it towards Eilenburg.
Tilly ordered his infantry to march ahead diagonally to the right, concentrating his forces on the weaker Saxon flank. The entire Saxon force was routed, leaving the Swedish left flank exposed. Before the Imperial forces could regroup and change face towards the Swedes, the commander of the Swedish Left, Marshal Gustav Horn , refused his line and counter-attacked before the tercios could regroup and change face. The Imperialist tercios then faced the full brunt of the new Swedish firepower for the first time:.
With the Imperial forces engaged, the Swedish right and centre pivoted on the refused angle, bringing them in line with Horn. As Tilly's men came under fire from their own captured batteries, the Swedish cannon, under Lennart Torstensson , rotated, catching the tercios in a crossfire. After several hours of punishment, nearing sunset, the Catholic line finally broke. Tilly and Pappenheim were both wounded, though they escaped.
The Saxon artillery was recaptured, along with all the Imperial guns and regimental flags. In the short term, the Catholic and Imperial forces were significantly hampered by the loss of most of the force.