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Fifteen More Minutes. Mary Harron Canadian motion picture director. Giuseppe Verdi Italian composer. King Lear. Gulliver's Travels. Gulliver's travels Television program Reviews. Grumpy Old Men. John Fairchild , John Simon. The Next Big Thing. Global Genius. Changing Seasons. Four Seasons New York, N. By Sharon Harley African American women, though often overlooked in the history of woman suffrage, engaged in significant reform efforts and political activism leading to and following the ratification in of the Nineteenth Amendment, which barred states from denying American women the right to vote on the basis of their sex.

They had as much—or more—at stake in the struggle as white women. From the earliest years of the suffrage movement, Black women worked side by side with white suffragists. By the late nineteenth century, however, as the suffrage movement splintered over the issue of race in the years after the Civil War, Black women formed their own organizations to continue their efforts to secure and protect the rights of all women, and men.

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During the antebellum period, a small cohort of formerly enslaved and free Black women, including Sojourner Truth , Harriet Tubman , Maria W. Figure 2. Mary Church Terrell, c. With the end of the Civil War, arguments for woman suffrage became entwined with debates over the rights of former slaves and the meaning of citizenship.


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Purvis served on the AERA executive committee. Abolitionist Frances Ellen Watkins Harper spoke on behalf of woman suffrage at the founding meeting of the AERA, and Sojourner Truth gave a major address at its first anniversary meeting. Suffragists had to choose between insisting on universal rights or accepting the priority of Black male suffrage. As a result, Harper supported the Fifteenth Amendment—this from a fiercely independent woman who believed women were equal, indeed, superior to men in their level of productivity; men were talkers, while women were doers. Their enthusiasm and political engagement within and outside suffrage campaigns was particularly concerning to whites in the post-emancipation South.

Rollin, along with her sisters Frances and Louisa and other local women, figured prominently in Reconstruction politics and woman suffrage campaigns at the local and national levels i n the early s. In certain South Carolina district elections, Black election officials encouraged Black women to vote—an action the Rollins sisters and some other African American women were already assuming or attempting on their own.

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This failure notwithstanding, they insisted upon and secured an official signed affidavit recognizing that they had attempted to vote. At the same time, they combatted anti-Black discrimination in the southern United States and within the predominantly white national woman suffrage organizations. Over time, tensions between Stanton, Anthony, and Douglass subsided. The discrimination against Black women in the woman suffrage movement continued as certain white woman suffragist leaders sought southern white male and female support.


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  • Figure 3. Ida B. Wells, c. Illustration from I. Purvis also served, from to , as a delegate to the National Woman Suffrage Association. Mossell wrote pro-suffrage articles for the Black press. Purvis, Harper, Mossell, and other Black woman suffragists and reformers argued that intemperance was a major obstacle to racial advancement and that the passage of federal woman suffrage would significantly reduce this and other social ills. Consequently, African American women and men became increasingly marginalized and discriminated against at woman suffrage meetings, campaigns, and marches.

    As she later explained to Ida B. Wells-Barnett and other suffragists reprimanded Anthony and other white women activists for giving in to racial prejudice. In New England, Josephine St.

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    Figure 2 In the closing decades of the nineteenth century more Black women formed their own local and regional woman suffrage clubs and, in , the National Association of Colored Women NACW. Despite the discrimination Black women experienced, including the rejection of Josephine St. Prior to the parade, Wells-Barnett, representing the Alpha Suffrage Club, was asked to march at the rear of the parade rather than with the white Chicago delegation. In keeping with her resistant and radical personality, Wells-Barnett refused to join her fellow Black suffragists at the rear.

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    Instead, as the all-white Chicago delegation passed, Wells-Barnett emerged from the crowd and entered the line between two white Chicago women and marched and with them, as she knew to be just. Figure 4. Mary B. Talbert, c. Terrell later told Walter White, of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NAACP , in denouncing the anti-Black stance of Paul and other white woman suffrage leaders, that she believed if white suffrage leaders, including Paul, could pass the amendment without giving Black women the vote, they would—a claim Paul and other white suffragists denied while persisting in organizing white women exclusively in various southern states.

    When at last the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, African American women voters in the Jim Crow South encountered the very same disfranchisement strategies and anti-Black violence that led to the disfranchisement of Black men, so that Black women had to continue their fight to secure voting privileges, for both men and women. Racism and discrimination within and outside organized woman suffrage campaigns and anti-Black racial violence forced Black women early on to link their right to vote to the restoration of Black male suffrage and civil rights activism.

    Following ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, the battle for the vote ended for white women. For African American women the outcome was less clear. Notes: [1] Historian Rosalyn Terborg-Penn categorizes these women as members of the first of three generations of black woman suffragists. Ann D. Gordon et. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, , 10— Also see Dorothy Sterling, ed.

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    White supremacist thinking and strategies were employed to convince white southerners to support woman suffrage. Henry B.