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Gothic fiction is generally thought to have debuted with the publication of British author Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto , and the genre enjoyed its heyday during the Victorian era — The Industrial Revolution, which saw its beginning in Britain in , sparked a massive economic and social restructuring that soon gained momentum and stretched across Europe and to the United States. In both Britain and the United States, a large sector of the economy shifted from agriculture to industry.

By the late 19th century, the United States had become the world's largest industrial power. Manufacturing fostered capitalism, making it possible to acquire wealth through the mass production of goods and international trade.


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Advances in transportation such as the railroad and faster ships linked manufacturing centers with new markets. In Britain in particular, a near-monopoly on the economy—and thus government influence—slipped from the hands of wealthy landowners—those said to have come from "old money" and whose families had profited from their land for generations—as more opportunities became accessible to a new breed of entrepreneurs and investors.

The economic evolution brought on by the Industrial Revolution was accompanied by significant social changes presided over by Queen Victoria, who reigned from to Cities grew immensely, attracting new inhabitants with factory jobs. Some with the necessary business skills and perseverance became quite rich. As some grew rich, however, many more became part of a class of working poor.

Most significantly, a middle-class arose. People in this class had jobs that payed reasonably well, giving them the means to raise families, enjoy leisure time, and live comfortably. Social activism had also taken root in Britain beginning around the start of the 19th century.

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Slavery was abolished in , and in Parliament was restructured to give manufacturing centers like the cities of Liverpool, Birmingham, and Manchester governmental representation for the first time. Although Parliament had existed as a ruling body since , it had represented almost exclusively the interests of the affluent upper-class. By Wilde's time, however, the social order was less secure than it had ever been, and Wilde makes this evident through the disparity between his American and British characters, particularly Mr. Hiram B. Otis and Lord Canterville.

Readers can infer that Mr. Otis , an American minister, earns his wealth from his high-ranking position within the U. The Industrial Revolution had brought about a system in which wealth was as easily earned as inherited, and the political influence the rich alone had exerted on the nation was distributed into a greater number of hands than ever, many not members of the aristocracy at all. Lord Canterville's sale of Canterville Chase to Mr. Otis in Chapter 1 speaks volumes to this effect.

Past generations would not have sold a family estate to someone not a member of the aristocracy or a "commoner" because people of this caliber could not afford their own land.


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Also, in Britain, land ownership was a requirement for voting until , when King William IV passed reforms that provided non-landowners with the right to vote. Wilde relates to readers that the monetary transfer of land owned by the aristocracy to an American was a sign of the common man's rise in wealth and politics and the aristocracy's new perspective on owning property. That is to say, the value of the land was only monetary. Have study documents to share about The Canterville Ghost? Upload them to earn free Course Hero access! Download a PDF to print or study offline.

She died in following spinal surgery and was buried in Staglieno Cemetery in Genoa, Italy. Cyril was killed in France in World War I. Vyvyan survived the war and went on to become an author and translator. He published his memoir in His son, Merlin Holland, has edited and published several Works about his grandfather. Aestheticism While at Magdalen College, Wilde became particularly well known for his role in the aesthetic and decadent movements.

The Canterville Ghost

He began wearing his hair long and openly scorning so-called "manly" sports, and began decorating his rooms with peacock feathers, lilies, sunflowers, blue china and other objets d'art. His behaviour cost him a dunking in the River Cherwell in addition to having his rooms which still survive as dedicated function rooms at his old college trashed, but the cult spread among certain segments of society to such an extent that languishing attitudes, "too-too" costumes and aestheticism generally became a recognised pose. Aestheticism in general was caricatured in Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta Patience This was duly arranged, Wilde arriving in January Although Wilde later claimed to have told the customs officer "I have nothing to declare except my genius", historians and biographers have concluded that this is an embellishment of Wilde's as there is no contemporary evidence that this occurred.

Wilde was deeply impressed by the English writers John Ruskin and Walter Pater, who argued for the central importance of art in life. This quote also reflects Wilde's support of the aesthetic movement's basic principle: Art for art's sake. The aesthetic movement, represented by the school of William Morris and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, had a permanent influence on English decorative art. As the leading aesthete, Wilde became one of the most prominent personalities of his day. Though he was ridiculed for them, his paradoxes and witty sayings were quoted on all sides.

In Wilde started to teach Aesthetic values in London. In he went on a lecture tour in the United States and Canada. He was torn apart by no small number of critics, The Wasp, a San Francisco newspaper, published a cartoon ridiculing Wilde and Aestheticism , but also was surprisingly well-received in such rough-and-tumble settings as the mining town of Leadville, Colorado. On his return to the United Kingdom, he worked as a reviewer for the Pall Mall Gazette in the years Afterwards he became the editor of Woman's World.


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Politically, Wilde endorsed an anarchistic brand of socialism, expounding his beliefs in the text "The Soul of Man Under Socialism". Literary works He had already published in A Selection of his Poems , which, however, attracted admiration in only a limited circle. His most famous fairy tale, The House of Pomegranates , acknowledged by the author to be "intended neither for the British child nor the British public. His fame as a dramatist began with the production of Lady Windermere's Fan in February Wilde described it as "one of those modern drawing-room Plays with pink lampshades".

It was immediately successful, the author making the enormous sum of seven thousand pounds from the original run. He apparently wore a green carnation for the first time on opening night. Wilde was furious, even contemplating he said changing his nationality to become a French citizen. The play was published in English, with illustrations by Aubrey Beardsley, in A French edition had appeared the year before.

It repeated the success of Lady Windermere's Fan, consolidating Wilde's reputation as the best writer of "comedy-of-manners" since Richard Brinsley Sheridan. This contains a political melodrama—as opposed to the marital melodrama of the earlier comedies—running alongside the usual Wildean Epigrams , social commentary, comedy, and romance. George Bernard Shaw's review said that " Mr Wilde is to me our only serious playwright.

He plays with everything: with wit, with philosophy, with drama, with actors, with audience, with the whole theatre It caused a sensation. It is in a class of its own in the whole of English drama as a piece of pure, delightful nonsense. At least two versions of the play are in existence. Wilde originally wrote it in four acts, but George Alexander asked him to cut it down to three for the original production.

The Canterville Ghost

He never developed it, the Queensberry affair and his own trial intervening. Frank Harris eventually wrote a version called Mr and Mrs Daventry. Wilde wrote another little-known play in the form of a pantomime for a friend of his, Chan Toon, which was called For Love Of the King. The play also went under the name A Burmese Masque. It has never been widely circulated.

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Chan Toon, who was sent to prison for stealing money from her landlady. His inclination towards relations with younger men was relatively well-known, and biographers have often recorded Robert Ross who would be his literary executor as Wilde's first such lover. Ross, a boy of seventeen when Wilde met him, was already aware of Wilde's poems and indeed had been beaten for reading them. By Richard Ellman's account, Ross, " However, Niel McKenna's more recent biography, The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde , demonstrates convincingly that Wilde was aware of his homosexuality from the moment of his first kiss with another boy at age 16, and had in fact lived with male lover Frank Miles two years his senior for several years before his marriage in By the late s, Wilde was already preoccupied with the philosophy of same-sex love, and had befriended several homosexual writers and law reformers.

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Wilde was infuenced by the writings of gay-rights pioneer Karl-Heinrich Ulrichs and joined a secret organisation called the "Order of Chaeronea", referring in letters to the campaign for legalization of homosexuality as "the Cause". Wilde also met Walt Whitman in America in , writing to a friend that there was "no doubt" about the great American poet's sexual orientation — "I have the kiss of Walt Whitman still on my lips," he boasted. In his public writings, Wilde's first celebration of sex between men and boys can be found in The Portrait of Mr.

Bosie's father, John Sholto Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry, became increasingly enraged at his son's involvement with Wilde. He confronted the two publicly several times, and although each time Wilde was able to mollify the elder Douglas, eventually the Marquess threw down the gauntlet. He planned to interrupt the opening night of The Importance of Being Earnest with an insulting delivery of vegetables, but somebody tipped Wilde off and the Marquess was barred from entering the theatre. On February 18, , the Marquess left a calling card at one of Wilde's clubs, the Albemarle.

On the back of the card he wrote "For Oscar Wilde posing as a Somdomite" the final word being a misspelling of 'sodomite'. Although Wilde's friends advised him to ignore the insult, Lord Alfred later admitted that he egged Wilde on to charge Queensberry with criminal libel. Queensberry was arrested, and in April , the Crown took over the prosecution of the libel case against the Marquess. The trial lasted three days. The prosecuting counsel, Edward Clarke, was unaware that Wilde had had liaisons and romantic relationships with other men. Clarke asked Wilde directly whether there was any substance to Queensberry's accusations and Wilde denied that there was.