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Iraqi Arabic Phrase Book: Arabic for Contractors Working in Iraq. Front Cover. Andrew Prendergast. BPR Publishers, - Arabic language - pages.
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However, today few Iraqis have the means to do this, and celebrations are now minimal. Basic Economy. Iraq's economy is currently in a difficult position. Following the Persian Gulf War, the United Nations imposed Security Council Resolution , which requires Iraq to disclose the full extent of its programs to develop chemical and nuclear weapons and missiles, and to eliminate its weapons of mass destruction.

Until Iraq complies with these requirements, the United Nations attests that there will be an economic embargo and trade sanctions against Iraq. At first the resolution meant that Iraq could not assume trade relations with any foreign country.

The most important industries in Iraq produce crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas. Two-thirds of the proceeds are to be spent on food and medicine for the Iraqi people; the remaining third is to be directed to victims of Iraq's occupation of Kuwait. Prior to the sanctions, Iraq imported about 70 percent of its food. However, food shortages have forced people to grow their own, but given the severity of the economic situation of the country, it is difficult for Iraqis to find the means to do this.

Items that are imported through the oil-for-food program are distributed to people in a food basket on the first of each month. The rations are estimated to last twenty to twenty-three days and include flour, tea, sugar, rice, beans, milk, cooking oil, soap, and salt.

Land Tenure and Property.

Private property was an important notion first introduced by the Sumerians during their control of Mesopotamia, and emerged again in the late nineteenth century. The reintroduction of private property had a major impact on Iraq's social system, as it went from a feudal society where sheikhs provided both spiritual and tribal leadership for the inhabitants, to one separated between landowners and sharecroppers. At present many people have sold or are selling their land to the government to purchase essentials such as food and medicine.

Though private property does exist, fewer and fewer people can now claim it. Commercial Activities. Oil, mining, manufacturing, construction, and agriculture are the major types of goods and services produced for sale. Major Industries. Crude oil, refined petroleum products, and natural gas are products produced by the most important industry in Iraq. Other products and services include light manufacturing, food processing, textiles, and mining of nonmetallic minerals.

Iraq may only legally trade with other countries through the oil-for-food program, wherein they are allowed to sell oil to buy basic food supplies. However, diplomatic reports have indicated that Iraq has been illegally exporting some of its medical supplies and food, purchased through the oil-for-food program, to Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan. Prior to the sanctions, Iraq's main exports were crude oil, refined petroleum products, natural gas, chemical fertilizers, and dates.

Division of Labor. It is common for jobs to be assigned through knowing people in the government. Those who enter the military may have more opportunity locating work, as they are trained for jobs that are specifically needed in the country. Classes and Castes. Arabs, Kurds, and other ethnic groups each have their own social stratospheres, and no one ethnicity dominates another in a caste system.

In terms of social class there is great disparity between rich and poor.

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Those who compose the high class in society of Iraq are essentially chosen by the government, since there is no opportunity to start a business or make a name for oneself without the endorsement of the government. The once-dominant middle class of the s has deteriorated in the face of the economic crisis. These people, who are very well educated, now perform unskilled labor, if they have jobs at all, and have joined the ranking of the majority lower or poor class. Iraq is a republic divided into eighteen provinces, which are subdivided into districts.

There is a National Assembly elected every four years, and they meet twice annually and work with the Revolutionary Command Council RCC to make legislative decisions. The RCC holds ultimate authority over legislative decisions, and the chairman of the RCC is also president of the country. The president exercises all executive decision-making powers, and he as well as the vice presidents are elected by a two-thirds majority vote of the RCC. There is universal suffrage at age eighteen, and the popular vote elects of the seats in the National Assembly.

Iraqi Phrasebook: The Essential Language Guide for Contemporary Iraq

The president chooses the remaining 30 seats, which belong to the three provinces of Kurdistan; he also appoints judges. Leadership and Political Officials.

On 16 July Saddam Hussein became president of Iraq, and has been reelected since. He is also the prime minister, as well as chairman of the RCC.

The Baath Party, which stands for Arab Socialist Resurrection, is the controlling party of the government and the most powerful political party. Political activities are carried out through the Progressive National Front PNF , which is an official organization of political parties.

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Politics that try to be exercised outside the framework of the PNF are banned. Though granted the right to vote for some positions, many Iraqis feel that elections are fixed. They also fear that they might vote for the "wrong" candidate and that they may be punished for doing so. It is a crime for any Iraqi to speak out against the government, and those who disagree with it place themselves and their families at great risk of being persecuted, as many citizens will turn in fellow Iraqis they feel are not loyal to the government or Saddam Hussein. Social Problems and Control. The head of the formal judicial system is the Court of Cassation, which is the highest court in the country.

There are other levels of courts, and all judges are government-appointed. Personal disputes are handled by religious community courts, which are based on Islamic law. Normally punishment is swift for crimes, with no long court trials and with severe sentences. The crime rate has been traditionally low, but following the United Nations embargo, there has been an increase in crime, especially theft. In addition to crimes by the general public, many crimes by corrupt police and military forces have been reported, the most common being bribery and blackmail.

Conditions in prisons are said to be extremely harsh. Prisoners are housed with more than twenty people in a cell meant for two, with no sanitation system, and no food is given unless brought by relatives. Other punishment practices include torture, often in front of family members, and execution. Military Activity. Current statistics about Iraq's military are not available, though it is believed to be one of the strongest in the world. Iraq has not officially stated that military service is compulsory, but another statistic from stated that most of the , service people were required to be in the military.

Culture of Iraq - history, people, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social, dress

The average length of service was eighteen to twenty-four months, and there were another , in the reserves. Regarding compensation, wages for those who fought in the Iran-Iraq War were generous. Journalists reported that families who lost a son in the fighting would receive compensation in such A residential district in Baghdad. After the economic boom of the s, high priority was placed on restoring and building according to historic style.

It is estimated that current compensation to the military has changed, but no specific information is available. Before the Persian Gulf War, welfare benefits such as Social Security, pensions for retirees and disabled people, and money for maternity and sick leaves were available. Currently the only known welfare programs are food distribution and medical aid food. Some nongovernmental organizations NGOs have been involved, but unless the Iraqi government can direct NGO operations, they are not permitted to function.

The most important NGOs are those that are responsible for food rationing and distribution, medical aid, and rebuilding of water and sewage treatment facilities. Currently Iraqi leaders have been turning down humanitarian efforts and have refused offers of relief from private medical groups. They recently expelled representatives of the Middle East Council of Churches, and denied entry of a Russian envoy from the United Nations who was to investigate the cases of missing persons since The only NGOs Iraq allows are foreign antisanctions protesters, who bring in small amounts of aid but who are welcome principally because of the propaganda they provide.

The presence of NGOs is different between the south and the three provinces of Kurdistan in the north. Kurdistan hosts more than thirty NGOs, while in there were eleven in the south, with even fewer in Local Kurdish officials work with the United Nations to manage food, health, and economic programs, while the resources and control of the NGOs are restricted in the south.

Due to the attitude toward NGOs as well as other contributing factors such as arable land, population, and availability of natural resources, the north is more productive agriculturally and economically and has a more advanced health system infrastructure. The south, under Iraqi control and closed to outside help, has An Iraqi woman collects her monthly food rations from the Red Cross in Baghdad. Division of Labor by Gender.

During the Iran-Iraq War, with so many men fighting in the military, women were required to study in fields and to work in positions normally filled by men. Many women joined the labor force as teachers, physicians, dentists, factory workers, and civil servants, with the majority performing unskilled labor.

ISBN 13: 9780956307408

Women professionals, such as doctors, are normally pediatricians or obstetricians, so that they work with only women or children. Those drafted into the workforce during the Iran-Iraq War were also made to comply with about a one-third deduction from their salary to go toward the war effort. The Relative Status of Women and Men. Its stated goal is to officially organize women, promote literacy and higher education, and encourage women in the labor force. The federation supported big legislative steps, such as a law that said a woman may be appointed an officer in the military if she has a university degree in medicine, dentistry, or pharmacy.

However, it has had little impact on issues that affect women as individuals, such as polygamy, divorce, and inheritance. Many believe that the GFIW is not really functioning in the interests of women, but rather in the interests of the Baathist regime. Instead of trying to improve the situation of women in Iraq, the government seems to use the federation as a means to exercise control over them.

In an address to the federation, Saddam said that an educated and liberated mother is one who will give back to the country conscious and committed fighters for Iraq.