Manual Bleaching Techniques in Restorative Dentistry: An Illustrated Guide

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• The bleaching of teeth: A review of the literature - Oral Way
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Am J Dent , 24 4 , 01 Aug Cited by: 6 articles PMID: J Prosthet Dent , 95 2 , 01 Feb Cited by: articles PMID: J Prosthodont , 18 3 , 02 Feb Cited by: 5 articles PMID: J Prosthodont , 22 1 , 17 Sep Europe PMC requires Javascript to function effectively. Recent Activity. Recent history Saved searches. Search articles by 'Randa Hafez'. Hafez R 1 ,. Doa Ahmed Search articles by 'Doa Ahmed'.

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Affiliations 1 author 1. Share this article Share with email Share with twitter Share with linkedin Share with facebook. Specimens were polished and stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37 degrees C before being subjected to bleaching, staining, and re-bleaching.

Specimens were then stained by immersing them in a coffee solution for 48 hours at 37 degrees C, and then they were re-bleached. Free full text. Eur J Dent. PMID: Find articles by Randa Hafez. Find articles by Doa Ahmed. Find articles by Mai Yousry. Find articles by Wafa El-Badrawy. Find articles by Omar El-Mowafy.

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Copyright European Journal of Dentistry. All rights reserved. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Go to:. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine color changes and surface roughness of composites when they were subjected to in-office bleaching.

Conclusions: Three in-office bleaching agents had no significant color changes on two composites. Keywords: In-office bleaching, Surface roughness, Composites, Color change. Table 1. Open in a separate window. Table 2. Table 3.

Figure 1. Figure 4. Table 4. Table 5. Figure 2. Figure 3. Kugel G, Kastali S. Tooth whitening efficacy and safety: a randomized and controlled clinical trial. Compend Contin Educ Dent. Dahl JE.

Tooth bleaching — a critical review of the biological aspects. Critic Rev Oral Bio Med. Nightguard vital bleaching. Quint Int. Greenwall L. Bleaching techniques in restorative dentistry; an illustrated guide. Martin Duntz Ltd; United Kingdom: Color stability and hardness in dental composites after accelerated aging. Dent Mater. Color stability of resin matrix restorative materials as a function of methods of light activation. Eur J Oral Sci.

Color stability of resin composite after immersion in different drinks. Dent Mater J. Influence of food simulating solutions and surface finish on susceptibility to staining of esthetic restorative materials. J Dent. Color changes of newly developed esthetic restorative material immersed in food simulating liquid.

Yalcin F, Gurgan S. Effect of two bleaching regimens on the gloss of tooth colored restorative materials. Effect of surface roughness on stain resistance of dental composites. J Esthet Restor Dent. The effect of different bleaching agents on the surface texture of restorative materials. Oper Dent. Effect of whitening gels on the surface roughness of restorative materials in situ.

Composite resin color change after vital tooth bleaching. J Prosthet Dent. It is probable that the associated cationic group attaches chlorhexidine to the tooth, while the other cationic group producing the bacteriocidal effect can attach the dietary factors, such as gallic acid derivatives polyphenols found in foods and beverages such as tea and coffee and tannins, from wine to the molecule and hence to the tooth surface Leard and Addy , Eley Metals Metals such as copper, nickel and iron can cause staining of teeth.

Copper ions, when they occur in the water in certain areas can cause staining of teeth. Workers in the copper and nickel industries have also shown green staining on the teeth Donoghue and Ferguson The combination of plaque occurring around metallic orthodontic brackets can cause green line staining. Excessive iron intake can cause cervical staining, usually dark-brown or black in colour.

The taking of iron supplements can cause black staining of the teeth and tongue Addy et al ; black stains have also been noted on the teeth of ironworkers. Tannins and chromogens Some stains are easier to remove by bleaching than others. Different stains require different approaches to removal Nathoo Biological and environmental variables affect the tenacity of the different stains.

Tannin stains. Tannins are composed of polyphenols such as catechins and leucoanthocyanins and it is the gallic acid derivatives in the polyphenols that causes the yellow-brown stain. The tannins may a lso act as stain promoters Eriksen and Nordbo However, this classification does not explain the mechanism of discoloration and since staining is m. Nathoo has proposed a classification based on the chemistry of the discoloration. This theoretical classification does not explain stains on teeth that start off as extrinsic stain and become intrinsic stain, such as nicotine staining: however, it is worth setting out in what follows as an explanation of extrinsic staining alone.

The deposition of extrinsic stain depends on the attraction of materials to the tooth surface Nathoo and Gaffar The attraction forces include long-range interactive forces such as electrostatic and vall der Waals forces and short-range interactions such as hydration forces, hydrophobic interactions, dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonds Nathoo These chemical attractive forces allow the chromogen coloured material and prechromogen colourless material to approach the tooth surface and determine if adhesion will occur.

The colour of the chromogen is similar to that of the dental stain. Examples of these direct dental stains are the bacterial adhesion to the pellicle and formation of salivary pellicle Eriksen et al experienced with tea, coffee, wine and metals.

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These materials generate colour due to the presence of conjugated double bonds and are thought to interact with the tooth surface via an 10n exchange mechanism.