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Sławomir Rawicz was a Polish Army lieutenant who was imprisoned by the NKVD after the German-Soviet invasion of Poland. In a ghost-written book called The Long Walk, he claimed that in he and six others had escaped from In May , Witold Gliński, a Polish World War II veteran living in the UK, came forward.
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Marshal Pietro Badoglio became head of the Italian Government after Mussolini was deposed in July , and signed an armistice with the Allies in September He was forced to resign during the summer of Shipping firm of international reputation, with branches in the principal European countries. The most important German firm utilized for the packing and removal of looted art and art purchased by the Germans in occupied countries. Salazar became prime minister and virtual dictator of Portugal in Inclined towards Fascism, but detested the Nazis.
Maintained strictly neutral stance until October when he allowed the Allies an air base on the Azores. At am on April 1, , thirty-eight heavy bombers of the United States 8th Air Force, apparently believing they were over the Germany city of Tuttlingen, bombed Schauffhausen. Destroyed were a group of small factories producing anti-aircraft shells, ball-bearings, and Me parts for Germany.
In all sixty-six buildings were consumed by fire and more than damaged; people were left homeless, injured, and 40 killed. Auschwitz, in southern Poland, miles southwest of Warsaw, was the location of three concentration camps and 36 sub-camps, which were built during the period. Auschwitz I, under the command of Rudolf Hoess, was built in May-June for Polish political prisoners; Auschwitz II, or Birkenau which became an extermination camp , opened in October with a capacity for , inmates, and Auschwitz III, at nearby Monowitz, supplied forced labor for the nearby I.
Farben synthetic rubber and oil plant. It is estimate that at least 1. Steven Paskul; trans. Lwow, a major city in southeast Poland and during German occupation July, became the site of a major ghetto and the infamous Janowska Street concentration camp. The killing of the city's , Jews was completed by November The site of the first Nazi Party concentration camp located 12 miles north of Munich. It opened in March , under the command of Theodor Eicke.
During the war the number of inmates grew to about 17,, including Socialists, Communists, Jews, Gypsies, and homosexuals. In all some , people were held at Dachau, of which somewhere between 30, and 60, perished. Researchers may find useful Marcus J. Chairman of the Federal Department of Economics, that is, minister of economic affairs, from to On July 17, , President Roosevelt issued Presidential Proclamation , which instructed the Secretary of State to prepare an appropriate list of persons working with or for the Axis and persons to whom exports from the United States were deemed to be detrimental to the interests of national defense.
The resulting Division of World Trade Intelligence and its successor, the Division of Economic Security Controls, prepared the original "Proclaimed List of Certain Blocked Nationals " and maintained its various supplements and revisions from to The lists named persons and companies, resident in areas outside of enemy control, who directly or indirectly rendered substantial aid to the enemy war machine. Those listed were denied the privilege of trading with the United States. The Todt Organization, formed by Fritz Todt in February appointed Minister for Weapons and Munitions , was responsible for construction projects e.
More than 1. In February , Todt was killed in a mysterious air accident. His successor, Albert Speer, increased the size and activities of the organization, which was renamed Front-Todt in the fall of Situated near Weimar, Germany, opened in July It supplied forced labor to local armament manufacturers, which operated 24 hours a day, using two hour shifts of prisoners. It is estimated that of the some , people imprisoned there, over 56, died. It was liberated on April 10, It was also one of the chief executive organs of the annihilation of the Jews, gypsies, Communists, and "Asiatic inferiors.
During the war SD personnel were responsible for reporting on the morale of the civilian population; active against partisans in the occupied countries; executed thousands of prisoners; and, along with the SS, helped to clear the ghettoes in the east.
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At the extermination camp at Lublin, Poland, some , Poles, Russians, Jews and people of 17 other nationalities were murdered between and In he was appointed head of the security police Sicherheitspolizei, or Sipro , within the Ministry of the Interior, giving him nationwide control of the Gestapo and the criminal police Kriminalpolizei, or Kripo. Lowell Blair New York: Morrow, Ernst vom Rath, a third secretary in the German embassy in Paris was assassinated on November 7, died from his wounds on November 9 , by a seventeen-year old Polish Jewish student.
German Post Office Saving Bank. He was involved in Schloss and Mannheimer collection forced sales, and the official chiefly responsible for Hitler's looting and purchasing policies after German or Swiss national of Italian birth. She was a contact of Frau Maria Schmidlin and allegedly involved in art looting transactions.
Jewish dealer, active formerly in Berlin, Munich, and Amsterdam. Former brother-in-law of Walter Andreas Hofer and his former employer. His Dutch firm was aryanized after Hofer arranged to have his sister divorced from him. Martin Bormann was private secretary to Hitler and later director of the party chancellery, Reich Minister, and member of the Cabinet Council for Defense.
During the last year of the war Bormann was the most important man in the Reich with the exception of Hitler, who he was often near to coordinate access to the Fuhrer. German film actress, director, and producer most noted for two films she produced in the s, Triumph of the Will and Olympia. Martin's Press, German national; considered a strong Nazi and possibly implicated in looting transactions. Had contacts with Lindpaintner, Frey, and Fischer.
Former German cavalry officer and amateur art dealer, with broad official and aristocratic connections throughout Europe. Art dealer of German birth and Hungarian citizenship.
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He was purported to be involved in several important looted art transactions in France and Switzerland. He was second to Hans Wendland in the Swiss art trade. He was believed to have brought works of art illegally into Switzerland through Rumanian diplomatic channels and participated in an exchange of loot with the ERR. Throughout the war maintained contact with the New York art trade. German organization of guerrilla fighters set up in the last days of the war and commanded by SS General Hans Pruetzmann. The werewolves were modeled on the Resistance fighters in German-occupied countries.
It was thought they would continue to fight once the war ended but after Admiral Doenitz, Hitler's successor, ordered them to cease operations, they complied. The Special Intelligence Division, established by Walter Schellenberg, was charged with procuring foreign currency, among other activities. In he was appointed head of the united SS and Wehrmacht military intelligence, standing second only to Himmler in the Gestapo hierarchy.
Admiral Wilhelm Canaris was head of the Abwehr, the German military intelligence and counter-intelligence organization.
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He was removed from office in February and arrested in July for plotting against Hitler. Researchers may find useful K. German Foreign Minister from February to , having served previously as Ambassador-at-Large and from to the German ambassador to Great Britain. A Bavarian financial and speculator, who was a personal friend of Hermann Goering.
He purchased the Goudstikker Collection. Director of the Goering Collection and Goering's chief purchasing agent. German national. Probably the most important individual engaged in quasi-official looted art transactions in France, Germany, and Switzerland during World War II. Acted as intermediary between Hofer and Fischer, and as Fischer's chief purchasing agent. He never sold works directly to private purchasers; always working as dealers' expert and agent. Was on the Proclaimed List.
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Karl W. Bruemming was a bookseller and antique dealer in Darmstadt, Germany. He was chief representative in Germany for Fischer and was an important intermediary in Hofer-Fischer exchanges, as well as many of Dr. He traveled frequently to Switzerland during the war and was a key figure in movement of looted works of art between Germany and Switzerland. He was a wealthy collector, particularly of Chinese art, with strong international connections and was supposedly a cover for protecting the assets of Nazi industrialists, politicians, diplomats, and intelligence chiefs.
A Hungarian fascist faction headed by Ferenc Szalasi.
By it was the second largest party in the Hungarian parliament. Researchers may find useful Jochen von Lang, ed.
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Important Swiss dealer. He owned a large establishment which did a considerable volume of international business prior to World War II. During the war he was the focal point in all looted art transactions in Switzerland, and recipient of the greatest number of looted paintings. He conducted extensive business with Haberstock, Hofer, Wendland, Buemming, and all Swiss art dealer.
Fischer was on the Proclaimed List. In February he was dismissed from the cabinet and lead the effort that summer to remove Mussolini from power.
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He fled Italy before the September armistice with the Allies. Galeazzo Ciano di Cortellazzo was Mussolini's son-in-law and served as Italy's foreign minister for seven years. Later that summer he was seized by the Mussolini supporters and executed in January Hugh Gibson New York: Doubleday, Partner of Erich Schiffman in "Moubles Manonellas, a Barcelona, Spain shop opened ostensibly for the disposal of porcelain and china smuggled by him from France.
German industrialists and steel magnate who helped finance the Nazi Party. Once Hitler took power, Thyssen was chosen to direct an institute of studies devoted to research on the corporate state. By he began having doubts about the Nazi party's rearmament program and anti-Semitic policies, and in he resigned from the Prussian Council of State to protest against the persecution of the Jews and the next year he left Germany.