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James Watt FRS FRSE was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in , which was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial.
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Share another experience before you go. Quick View. Tennent's Brewery Tours Ticket. More Info. Write a review. Traveler rating. Traveler type. Time of year. Selected filters. At this point, Watt had still never seen an operating steam engine, but he tried constructing a model. It failed to work satisfactorily, but he continued his experiments and began to read everything about steam that he could get his hands on.

He independently discovered the importance of latent heat—the heat absorbed or released without a change in temperature when a substance moves among the states of solid, liquid, or gas—in understanding the engine. Unknown to Watt, Black had famously discovered the principle some years before. Watt learned that the university owned a model Newcomen engine, but it was in London for repairs.

Named after its inventor, Thomas Newcomen, the Newcomen engine had been around since , without being significantly improved, and had been applied with success to the removal of ground water from coal mines. The Newcomen engine worked by filling a piston chamber with steam, which would then be condensed by sprinkling cold water into the chamber. The condensing steam would produce a vacuum, which pulled the piston down.

The downward movement pulled down one arm of a beam, the upward movement of the other arm of which would be connected to machinery, such as a pump to remove water from a coal mine. The process would be repeated, thus creating a repetitive see-saw action that moved the pivoted beam up and down. Watt convinced the university to have its broken model of the Newcomen engine returned, and made the repairs himself in It barely worked, and after much experimentation he showed that about eighty percent of the heat of the steam was consumed in heating the the piston cylinder.

Watt's critical insight was to add a separate chamber, called the condenser, that was connected to the piston cylinder by a pipe. Condensation of the steam would occur in the condenser, thus allowing the temperature of the piston cylinder to be maintained at that of the injected steam and the heat loss minimized. In , Watt produced his first working model based on this principle. Then came a long struggle to produce a full-scale engine. This required more capital, some of which came from Black.


  1. Thoughts of the Heart.
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More substantial backing came from John Roebuck, the founder of the celebrated Carron Iron Works, near Falkirk, with whom he now formed a partnership. But the principal difficulty was in machining the piston and cylinder. Iron workers of the day were more like blacksmiths than machinists, so the results left much to be desired.

The Engine That Changed the World

Much capital was spent in pursuing the ground-breaking patent, which in those days required an act of parliament. Strapped for resources, Watt was forced to take up employment as a civil engineer in , work he would do for eight years until more capital to develop and manufacture his inventions became available. In , Watt traveled to London to secure the patent on his new invention, which was granted in In the meantime, Roebuck went bankrupt , and Matthew Boulton, who owned the Soho foundry works near Birmingham, acquired his patent rights.

Watt and Boulton formed a hugely successful partnership which lasted for the next twenty-five years. During this period, Watt finally had access to some of the best iron workers in the world. The problem of manufacturing a large cylinder with a tightly fitting piston was solved by John Wilkinson, who had developed precision boring techniques for cannon-making at Bersham, near Wrexham, North Wales. Finally, in , the first engines were installed and working in commercial enterprises. These first engines were used for pumps and produced only reciprocating motion. Orders began to pour in, and for the next five years Watt was very busy installing more engines, mostly in Cornwall, for pumping water out of mines.

The field of application of the improved steam engine was greatly widened only after Boulton urged Watt to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston to produce rotational power for grinding, weaving, and milling.

James Watt - A great Enlightenment Man

Although a crank seemed the logical and obvious solution to the conversion, Watt and Boulton were stymied by a patent for this, whose holder, John Steed, and associates proposed to cross-license the external condenser. Watt adamantly opposed this, and they circumvented the patent with their sun and planet gear in Over the next six years, Watt made a number of other improvements and modifications to the steam engine.

A double acting engine, in which the steam acted alternately on the two sides of the piston was one. A throttle valve to control the power of the engine, and a centrifugal governor to keep it from "running away" were very important. He described methods for working the steam expansively.

James Watt - New World Encyclopedia

A compound engine, which connected two or more engines was described. Two more patents were granted for these in and Numerous other improvements that made for easier manufacture and installation were continually implemented. One of these included the use of the steam indicator, which produced an informative plot of the pressure in the cylinder against its volume, which he kept as a trade secret. These improvements taken together produced an engine which was about five times as efficient in its use of fuel as the Newcomen engine.

Because of the danger of exploding boilers and the ongoing issues with leaks, Watt was opposed at first to the use of high pressure steam. Essentially, all of his engines used steam at near atmospheric pressure.


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In , the partners established Boulton and Watt, to exclusively manufacture steam engines. By , it had produced steam engines.


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  • JAMES WATT;
  • He was an engineer and inventor whose improvements to the steam engine were fundamental in bringing about the industrial revolution. He was once described as the 22nd most influential man in history: and the SI unit of power, the Watt, is named after him. The wider picture in Scotland at the time is set out in our Historical Timeline. James Watt was born in Greenock on the River Clyde. His father was a wealthy shipbuilder and shipowner and his mother also came from a privileged background. James was not a healthy child and most of his schooling was undertaken at home by his mother.

    Watt's mother died when he was 17 and his father's business no longer thrived as it had. James spent a year in London studying the manufacture of mathematical instruments before returning to Scotland to set up business in Glasgow. Because he had not spent seven years as an apprentice, the Glasgow Guild of Hammermen, whose authority covered any craftsman using a hammer, obstructed his plans. A Professor at Glasgow University, Joseph Black, arranged instead for Watt to set up his workshop within the university, which he did in