Guide A history of France from the earliest times to the Treaty of Versailles (Original Classics)

Free download. Book file PDF easily for everyone and every device. You can download and read online A history of France from the earliest times to the Treaty of Versailles (Original Classics) file PDF Book only if you are registered here. And also you can download or read online all Book PDF file that related with A history of France from the earliest times to the Treaty of Versailles (Original Classics) book. Happy reading A history of France from the earliest times to the Treaty of Versailles (Original Classics) Bookeveryone. Download file Free Book PDF A history of France from the earliest times to the Treaty of Versailles (Original Classics) at Complete PDF Library. This Book have some digital formats such us :paperbook, ebook, kindle, epub, fb2 and another formats. Here is The CompletePDF Book Library. It's free to register here to get Book file PDF A history of France from the earliest times to the Treaty of Versailles (Original Classics) Pocket Guide.
History of France: From the Earliest Times to the Treaty of Versailles (Classic in the original French version, to actually follow the context of the historical.
Table of contents

Limbs are lost, horses are destroyed, starving soldiers root through garbage for food, the troops are ravaged by poison gas and artillery bombs, and few make it out alive. Ironically it was this very humanity, and relentless political agnosticism, that made Goebbels see the All Quiet on the Western Front film as a threat to the Nazi ideology. It was a stunning victory for Adolf Hitler that gave his party seats in the Reichstag and made the Nazis the second-largest political party in Germany.

Table of Contents

His leading campaign message, to unite Germany and make it strong again, resonated with voters in the midst of the Great Depression. All Quiet on the Western Front may have been the first runaway international bestseller, but its utter lack of pro-German propaganda and honest, downbeat look at war made the book a Nazi target.

Hitler refused to believe Teutonic soldiers could be anything but a magnificent fighting force, a nationalistic historical rewrite that took hold amongst the battered German citizenry. He dies in the famous scene reaching for the butterfly. Unfortunately, the premiere was an animating moment in the history of Nazism, reclaiming the World War I memory not as meaningless slaughter, as Remarque says, but as a glorious noble German enterprise. According to a Variety reporter, when then lights came up, the audience was too rattled or moved to disapprove or applaud.

However, Goebbels correctly guessed that the theater would let its guard down during the December 5 showing. His surprise mob attack went far beyond the realm of boyhood fraternity pranks like mice and sneezing powder. The projectors were shut down and in the chaos, savage beatings were handed down to moviegoers believed to be Jewish. Goebbels, a tiny man with a clubfoot, had been unfit to fight in World War I and his physical rejection consumed him.

His hatred of All Quiet on the Western Front was both a personal vendetta and one of the first major public displays of Nazi thuggery. The main goal was simply to create chaos, to terrorize moviegoers, to rally support against the film. The embittered masses are violently against the Jews. Goebbels would lead torch-wielding hooligans for the next few days as other riots broke out. In Vienna, 1, police surrounded the Apollo Theater and withstood a mob of several thousand Nazis trying to disrupt the movie, but vandalism and violence still erupted in the streets.

He sent a cable to Berlin newspapers, which ran as an ad, basically saying that the film was not anti-German and that it portrayed a universal war experience. Perhaps the most insidious part of the damage done was emboldening the Brownshirts to go after people where they live.

Marie Antoinette

As Doherty eloquently puts it in his book :. All the more reason to view the Nazi-instigated violence as the desecration of a sacred space. Throughout, Remarque stayed relatively quiet, a habit he would later come to regret. In his biography The Last Romantic , author Hilton Tims says Remarque was visited by a Nazi emissary prior to the premiere, who asked him to confirm that the publishers had sold the film rights without his consent. Remarque declined.

Comment on this Story

Students screamed into the night, condemning each writer as some 25, books were incinerated. Remarque, neither Communist nor Jew, had been in Berlin on January 31, , the day Hitler was appointed chancellor. He was tipped off that the Nazis were gunning for him and drove through the darkness to escape.

From — he engaged France in the Franco-Dutch War. In , he led a war between France and the Grand Alliance. By the s, Louis XIV generated public hostility. He died in Versailles, France, on September 1, Louis XIV had a brother named Philippe, who was two years younger. Not much more than a toddler, Louis XIV succeeded his father to the throne, becoming the leader of 19 million French subjects and a highly unstable government. Over the course of his childhood, Louis XIV was primed as a leader, receiving a practical education rather than a scholarly one.

In an attempt to overthrow the crown, they waged a civil war, called the Fronde, against its supporters. Throughout the long war, Louis XIV suffered many hardships, including poverty and starvation. After the civil war ended, Mazarin began to build an elaborate administration as Louis XIV stood by and observed his mentor.

The marriage ensured ratification of the peace treaty that Mazarin had sought to establish with Hapsburg Spain. It wasn't until Mazarin died in , when Louis XIV was in his 20s, that the young king finally took control of the French government. Upon assuming full responsibility for the kingdom, Louis XIV quickly set about reforming France according to his own vision.

The Most Loved and Hated Novel About World War I

His first goal as absolute monarch was to centralize and rein in control of France. During his reign, Louis XIV managed to improve France's disorganized system of taxation and limit formerly haphazard borrowing practices. He also conveniently declared members of nobility exempt from paying taxes, causing them to become even more fiscally dependent on the crown. Perhaps there is some ingratitude also in forgetting that after four years of struggling to obtain the mastery for his religious creed and his political rights simultaneously, Henry IV. Whilst this great question was thus discussed and decided between Henry IV.

The Leaguer states had an appearance of continuing to wish for the absolute proscription of Henry IV. Nearly a year previously, in May, , when he retired from France after having relieved Rouen from siege and taken Caudebec, the Duke of Parma, as clear-sighted a politician as he was able soldier, had said to one of the most determined Leaguers, "Your people have abated their fury; the rest hold on but faintly, and in a short time they will have nothing to do with us.

Philip sent to Paris an ambassador extraordinary, the Duke of Feria, to treat with the states of the League and come to an understanding with Mayenne; but Mayenne considered that the Duke of Feria did not bring enough money, and did not introduce enough soldiers; the Spanish army in France numbered but four thousand three hundred men, and Philip had put at his ambassador's disposal but two hundred thousand crowns, or six hundred thousand livres of those times; yet had he ordered that, in respect of the assembly, the pay should not come until after the service was rendered, i.

It was not the states-general only who had to be won over; the preachers of the League were also, at any rate the majority of them, covetous as well as fiery; both the former and the latter soon saw that the Duke of Feria had not wherewith to satisfy them.

Next day, two colonels of the burgess-militia spoke of making barricades; four days afterwards, some of the most famous and but lately most popular preachers of the League were hooted and insulted by the people, who shouted at them as they passed in the streets that drowning was the due of all those deputies in the states who prevented peace from being made. The conference assembled at Suresnes, of which mention has already been made, had been formed with pacific intentions, or, at any rate, hopes; accordingly it was more tranquil than the states-general, but it was not a whit more efficacious.

It was composed of thirteen delegates for the League and eight for the king, men of consideration in the two parties.


  • Hints for Crystal Drawing.
  • Palace of Versailles All Access Passport Entry with Audioguide.
  • Signs along the Way: Finding help and hope on the winding road of life through the signs we encounter Along the Way.;
  • Quick Facts!
  • Le Louis Versailles Château Hotel-MGallery!

At the opening of its sessions, the first time the delegates of the League repaired thither, a great crowd shouted at them, "Peace! Blessed be they who procure it and demand it! Malediction and every devil take all else!


  • The Christmas Caper.
  • Accessibility Navigation.
  • Versailles Palace Tickets | Skip The Line Access With Audioguide!

The conference was in session from the 4th of May to the 11th of June, holding many discussions, always temperately and with due regard for propriety, but without arriving at any precise solution of the questions proposed. Clearly neither to this conference nor to the states-general of the League was it given to put an end to this stormy and at the same time resultless state of things; Henry IV. D'Aubigne ends his account of the conference at Suresnes with these words: "Those who were present at it reported to the king that there were amongst the Leaguers so many heart-burnings and so much confusion that they were all seeking, individually if not collectively, some pretext for surrendering to the king, and consequently, that one mass would settle it entirely.

Powers that are conscious of their opportuneness and utility do not like to lose time, but are prompt to act. On the 26th of April, , he wrote to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand de' Medici, that he had decided to turn Catholic "two months after that the Duke of Mayenne should have come to an agreement with him on just and suitable terms;" and, foreseeing the expense that would be occasioned to him by "this great change in his affairs," he felicitated himself upon knowing that the grand duke was disposed to second his efforts towards a levy of four thousand Swiss, and advance a year's pay for them.

On the 28th of April, he begged the Bishop of Chartres, Nicholas de Thou, to be one of the Catholic prelates whose instructions he would be happy to receive on the 15th of July, and he sent the same invitation to several other prelates. On the 16th of May, he declared to his council his resolve to become a convert. Next day, the 17th, the Archbishop of Bourges announced it to the conference at Suresnes. This news, everywhere spread abroad, produced a lively burst of national and Bourbonic feeling even where it was scarcely to be expected; at the states-general of the League, especially in the chamber of the noblesse, many members protested "that they would not treat with foreigners, or promote the election of a woman, or give their suffrages to any one unknown to them, and at the choice of his Catholic Majesty of Spain.

Eustache, St. Merri, and St. Sulpice, and even some of the popular preachers, violent Leaguers but lately, and notably Guincestre, boldly preached peace and submission to the king if he turned Catholic. The principal of the French League, in matters of policy and negotiation, and Mayenne's adviser since , Villeroi, declared "that he would not bide in a place where the laws, the honor of the nation, and the independence of the kingdom were held so cheap;" and he left Paris on the 28th of June.

Finally, on this same day, the Parliament of Paris, all chambers assembled, issued a decree known by the name of the decree of President Lemaitre, who had the chief hand in it, and conceived as follows:—. And from the present moment, the said court hath declared and doth declare all treaties made or hereafter to be made for the setting up of foreign prince or princess null and of no effect or value, as being made to the prejudice of the Salic law and other fundamental laws of this realm.


  • Harry Goatee Is Hungry.
  • The Most Loved and Hated Novel About World War I | History | Smithsonian Magazine?
  • Cerebral Revascularization: Techniques in Extracranial-to-Intracranial Bypass Surgery: Expert Consult!
  • The Most Loved and Hated Novel About World War I.
  • Biography Newsletters;
  • The Growlers.

It was understood that this decree excluded from the crown of France not only Philip II. Mayenne refused, it is not known on what pretext, to receive the communication of this decree on the same day on which it was voted by the Parliament. When President Lemaitre presented it to him the next day before a large attendance, Mayenne kept his temper, and confined himself to replying gruffly, "My first care has always been to defend the Catholic religion and maintain the laws of the realm.

A History of France from the Earliest Times to the Treaty of Versailles

It seems now that I am no longer necessary to the state, and that it will be easy to do without me. I could have wished, considering my position, that the Parliament had not decided anything in a matter of such importance without consulting me. However, I will do all that I find possible for me and that appears reasonable as to the two points of your representations. The Archbishop of Lyons is about to explain to you my feelings and my motives.

The archbishop spoke long and bitterly, dwelling upon the expression that "the Parliament had played fast and loose" with the prince. President Lemaitre interrupted him. Looking upon me as an individual, you might speak to me in any way, you thought proper; but so soon as the body I represent here is injured by insulting terms, I take offence, and I cannot suffer it. Know then, sir, that the Parliament does not deceive or play fast and loose with anybody, and that it renders to every man his due. It remained intact, and Mayenne said no more about it.

During these disputes amongst the civil functionaries, and continuing all the while to make proposals for a general truce, Henry IV. He besieged and took the town of Dreux, of which the castle alone persisted in holding out.

A History of France from the Earliest Times to the Treaty of Versailles by William Stearns Davis

He cut off the provisions which were being brought by the Marne to Paris. He kept Poitiers strictly invested.

The Entire History of France in 23 Minutes

Lesdiguieres defeated the Savoyards and the Spaniards in the valleys of Dauphiny and Piedmont. Count Mansfeld was advancing with a division towards Picardy; but at the news that the king was marching to encounter him, he retired with precipitation. From the military as well as the political point of view, there is no condition worse than that of stubbornness mingled with discouragement.

And that was the state of Mayenne and the League. The castle of Dreux was obliged to capitulate. Thanks to the four thousand Swiss paid for him by the Grand Duke of Florence, to the numerous volunteers brought to him by the noblesse of his party, "and to the sterling quality of the old Huguenot phalanx, folks who, from father to son, are familiarized with death," says D'Aubigne, Henry IV. He entered resolutely, on the 15th of July, , upon the employment of the moral means which alone could enable him to attain this end; he assembled at Mantes the conference of prelates and doctors, Catholic and Protestant, which he had announced as the preface to his conversion.

He had previously, on the 13th of May, given assurance to the Protestants as to their interests by means of a declaration on the part of eight amongst the principal Catholic lords attached to his person who undertook, "with his Majesty's authorization, that nothing should be done in the said assemblies to the prejudice of friendly union between the Catholics who recognized his Majesty and them of the religion, or contrary to the edicts of pacification.

On Friday, July 23, in the morning, Henry wrote to Gabriel le d'Estrees, "Sunday will be the day when I shall make the summerset that brings down the house" le, saut perilleux. A few hours after using such flippant language to his favorite, he was having a long conference with the prelates and doctors, putting to them the gravest questions about the religion he was just embracing, asking them for more satisfactory explanations on certain points, and repeating to them the grounds of his resolution. The profession of faith was modified. Next day, Sunday, the 25th of July, before he got up, Henry conversed with the Protestant minister Anthony de la Faye, and embraced him two or three times, repeating to him the words already quoted, "I have made myself anathema for the sake of all, like Moses and St.