PDF The Modern Womans Rights Movement: A Historical Survey

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Women's rights are the rights and entitlements claimed for women and girls worldwide, and which formed the basis for the women's rights movement in the 19th century and feminist movement Modern History .. Women throughout historical and ancient China were considered inferior and had subordinate legal status  ‎History · ‎Ancient history · ‎Post-classical history · ‎Modern History.
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For almost years, women and men had been fighting to win that right: They had made speeches, signed petitions, marched in parades and argued over and over again that Jeannette Rankin was a Montana politician who made history in as the first woman ever elected to the United States Congress. She was also the only member of Congress to cast a vote against participation in both world wars. Unafraid to take controversial positions on several It took activists and reformers nearly years to win that right, and the campaign was not easy: Disagreements over strategy threatened to cripple the movement more This Day In History.

Biography courtesy of BIO. Betty Crocker. Betty Ford. Betty Ford Recalls Intervention. Las Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo. Jeannette Rankin Jeannette Rankin was a Montana politician who made history in as the first woman ever elected to the United States Congress.

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Write to Rachel E. Greenspan at rachel. Alice Paul and other women celebrating, By Rachel E. Greenspan August 24, Related Stories. Photograph of Susan B. Most Popular Stories 1. Central Asian cultures largely remain patriarchal, however, since the fall of the former Soviet Union, the secular societies of the region have become more progressive to women's roles outside the traditional construct of being wholly subservient to men. The history of women's rights in Australia is a contradictory one: while Australia led the world in women's suffrage rights in the 19th century, it has been very slow in recognizing women's professional rights - it was not until that its marriage bar was removed.

In this regard, Australia differs from other cultures, in that women's suffrage in Australia was one of the earliest objectives of the feminist movement there beginning with South Australia and Western Australia unlike other cultures, such as Eastern European cultures, where at the turn of the 20th century the feminist movement focused on labour rights , access to professions and education, rather than political rights. To this day, Australia has a quite low percentage of women in business executive roles compared to other countries with equivalent corporate structures.

Like the ancient philosophers, 17th century natural law philosophers defended slavery and an inferior status of women in law.


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They believed that natural rights were self-evident to "civilised man" who lives "in the highest form of society". Zenon argued that each rational and civilized male Greek citizen had a "divine spark" or "soul" within him that existed independent of the body. Zeno founded the Stoic philosophy and the idea of a human nature was adopted by other Greek philosophers, and later natural law philosophers and western humanists. Concepts of human nature in ancient Greece depended on gender, ethnic, and other qualifications [] and 17th century natural law philosophers came to regard women along with children, slaves and non-whites, as neither "rational" nor "civilised".

They believed that women could not be treated as equal due to their "inner nature".

Employment rights for women include non-discriminatory access of women to jobs and equal pay. The rights of women and men to have equal pay and equal benefits for equal work were openly denied by the British Hong Kong Government up to the early s. Before this, the job status of a woman changed from permanent employee to temporary employee once she was married, thus losing the pension benefit.

Some of them even lost their jobs. Since nurses were mostly women, this improvement of the rights of married women meant much to the nursing profession. A key issue towards insuring gender equality in the workplace is the respecting of maternity rights and reproductive rights of women. During the 19th century some women began to ask for, demand, and then agitate and demonstrate for the right to vote — the right to participate in their government and its law making.

During the 19th century the right to vote was gradually extended in many countries, and women started to campaign for their right to vote. In New Zealand became the first country to give women the right to vote on a national level. Australia gave women the right to vote in A number of Nordic countries gave women the right to vote in the early 20th century — Finland , Norway , Denmark and Iceland Late adopters in Europe were Greece in , Switzerland at federal level; — on local issues at canton level , Portugal on equal terms with men, with restrictions since as well as the microstates of San Marino in , Monaco in , Andorra in , and Liechtenstein in In Canada, most provinces enacted women's suffrage between —, late adopters being Prince Edward Island in , Newfoundland in and Quebec in In Latin America some countries gave women the right to vote in the first half of the 20th century — Ecuador , Brazil , El Salvador , Dominican Republic , Guatemala and Argentina In India , under colonial rule, universal suffrage was granted in Other Asian countries gave women the right to vote in the mid 20th century — Japan , China and Indonesia In Africa, women generally got the right to vote along with men through universal suffrage — Liberia , Uganda and Nigeria In many countries in the Middle East universal suffrage was acquired after World War II, although in others, such as Kuwait , suffrage is very limited.

During the 19th century some women, such as Ernestine Rose , Paulina Wright Davis , Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Harriet Beecher Stowe , in the United States and Britain began to challenge laws that denied them the right to their property once they married. Under the common law doctrine of coverture husbands gained control of their wives' real estate and wages. Beginning in the s, state legislatures in the United States [] and the British Parliament [] began passing statutes that protected women's property from their husbands and their husbands' creditors.

These laws were known as the Married Women's Property Acts. A privy examination was a practice in which a married woman who wished to sell her property had to be separately examined by a judge or justice of the peace outside of the presence of her husband and asked if her husband was pressuring her into signing the document. For example, in West Germany , the law pertaining to rural farm succession favored male heirs until The Supreme Court, in Kirchberg v. Feenstra , declared such laws unconstitutional.

For instance, in some countries women may not leave the home without a male guardian, [] or without the consent of the husband — for example the personal law of Yemen states that a wife must obey her husband and must not get out of the home without his consent.

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Laws restricting women from travelling existed until relatively recently in some Western countries: until , in Australia the passport application of a married woman had to be authorized by her husband. Several Middle Eastern countries also follow the male guardianship system in the modern era, where women are required to seek permission from the male family member for several things, including traveling to other nations.

In August , Saudi Arabia ended its male guardianship laws, allowing women to travel by themselves. Rights group called for the release of these imprisoned activists. Various practices have been used historically to restrict women's freedom of movement, such as foot binding , the custom of applying painfully tight binding to the feet of young Chinese girls, which was common between the 10th and 20th century.


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Women's freedom of movement may be restricted by laws, but it may also be restricted by attitudes towards women in public spaces. In areas where it is not socially accepted for women to leave the home, women who are outside may face abuse such as insults, sexual harassment and violence.

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Many of the restrictions on women's freedom of movement are framed as measures to "protect" women. The lack of legal knowledge among many women, especially in developing countries, is a major obstacle in the improvement of women's situation. International bodies, such as the United Nations, have stated that the obligation of states does not only consist in passing relevant laws, but also in informing women about the existence of such laws, in order to enable them to seek justice and realize in practice their rights. Therefore, states must popularize the laws, and explain them clearly to the public, in order to prevent ignorance, or misconceptions originating in popular myths , about the laws.

The United Nations Development Programme states that, in order to advance gender justice, "Women must know their rights and be able to access legal systems", [] and the UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women states at Art. Women's rights movements focus on ending discrimination of women. In this regard, the definition of discrimination itself is important. According to the jurisprudence of the ECHR , the right to freedom from discrimination includes not only the obligation of states to treat in the same way persons who are in analogous situations, but also the obligation to treat in a different way persons who are in different situations.

Therefore, states must sometimes differentiate between women and men — through for example offering maternity leave or other legal protections surrounding pregnancy and childbirth to take into account the biological realities of reproduction , or through acknowledging a specific historical context. For example, acts of violence committed by men against women do not happen in a vacuum, but are part of a social context: in Opuz v Turkey , the ECHR defined violence against women as a form of discrimination against women; [] [] this is also the position of the Istanbul Convention which at Article 3 states that "violence against women" is understood as a violation of human rights and a form of discrimination against women [ There are different views on where it is appropriate to differentiate between women and men, and one view is that the act of sexual intercourse is an act where this difference must be acknowledged, both due to the increased physical risks for the woman, [] and due to the historical context of women being systematically subjected to forced sexual intercourse while in a socially subordinated position particularly within marriage and during war.

According to the World Health Organization "Discrimination in health care settings takes many forms and is often manifested when an individual or group is denied access to health care services that are otherwise available to others.

It can also occur through denial of services that are only needed by certain groups, such as women. In this regard treating women and men similarly does not work because certain biological aspects such as menstruation, pregnancy, labor, childbirth, breastfeeding, as well as certain medical conditions, only affect women. Health is defined by the World Health Organization as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity". Women's health is severely impaired in some parts of the world, due to factors such as inequality, confinement of women to the home, indifference of medical workers, lack of autonomy of women, lack of financial resources of women.

The right to education is a universal entitlement to education. This was pointed out by Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein , the current United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights , who stressed the importance of human rights education for all children: "What good was it to humanity that Josef Mengele had advanced degrees in medicine and anthropology, given that he was capable of committing the most inhuman crimes?

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Eight of the 15 people who planned the Holocaust at Wannsee in held PhDs. They shone academically, and yet they were profoundly toxic to the world. Pol Pot studied radio electronics in Paris. Does this matter, when neither of them showed the smallest shred of ethics and understanding? Reproductive rights are legal rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductive health. In the s feminists advanced the concept of voluntary motherhood as a political critique of involuntary motherhood [] and expressing a desire for women's emancipation.

Reproductive rights represents a broad concept, that may include some or all of the following rights: the right to legal or safe abortion, the right to control one's reproductive functions , the right to access quality reproductive healthcare , and the right to education and access in order to make reproductive choices free from coercion , discrimination, and violence. Reproductive rights are understood as rights of both men and women, but are most frequently advanced as women's rights.