Free download.
Book file PDF easily for everyone and every device.
You can download and read online The Golden Age (Czech Literature Series) file PDF Book only if you are registered here.
And also you can download or read online all Book PDF file that related with The Golden Age (Czech Literature Series) book.
Happy reading The Golden Age (Czech Literature Series) Bookeveryone.
Download file Free Book PDF The Golden Age (Czech Literature Series) at Complete PDF Library.
This Book have some digital formats such us :paperbook, ebook, kindle, epub, fb2 and another formats.
Here is The CompletePDF Book Library.
It's free to register here to get Book file PDF The Golden Age (Czech Literature Series) Pocket Guide.
Heir to the philosophical-fantastical tradition of Borges, Calvino, and Perec, The Golden Age is Michal Ajvaz's greatest and most ambitious work. The Golden.
Table of contents
They rejected church doctrine and upheld the Bible as the sole authority in all matters of belief. Soon after Hus assumed office, German professors of theology demanded the condemnation of Wycliffe's writings. Hus protested, receiving the support of the Czech element at the university. Having only one vote in policy decisions against three for the Germans, the Czechs were outvoted, [ citation needed ] and the orthodox position was maintained.
In subsequent years, the Czechs demanded a revision of the university charter, granting more adequate representation to the native Czech faculty. The university controversy was intensified by the vacillating position of the Bohemian king Wenceslas. His favoring of Germans in appointments to councillor and other administrative positions had aroused the nationalist sentiments of the Czech nobility and rallied them to Hus' defense.
For political reasons, Wenceslas switched his support from the Germans to Hus and allied with the reformers. In consequence, German faculty and students left Charles University en masse in the thousands, and many ended up founding the University of Leipzig. Hus' victory was short lived. He preached against the sale of indulgences , which lost him the support of the king, who had received a percentage of such sales. In Hus and his followers were suspended from the university and expelled from Prague. For two years the reformers served as itinerant preachers throughout Bohemia.
In Hus was summoned to the Council of Constance to defend his views. Imprisoned when he arrived, he was never given a chance to defend his ideas.
The council condemned him as a heretic and burned him at the stake in Hus's death sparked the Hussite Wars , decades of religious warfare. Sigismund , the pro-papal king of Hungary and successor to the Bohemian throne after the death of Wenceslas in , failed repeatedly to gain control of the kingdom despite aid by Hungarian and German armies. Riots broke out in Prague.
Religious strife pervaded the entire kingdom and was particularly intense in the German-dominated towns. Hussite Czechs and Catholic Germans turned on each other; many were massacred, and many German survivors fled or were exiled to the rest of the Holy Roman Empire. Emperor Sigismund led or instigated various crusades against Bohemia with the support of Hungarians and Bohemian Catholics.
The Hussite Wars followed a pattern. When a crusade was launched against Bohemia, moderate and radical Hussites would unite and defeat it. Once the threat was over, the Hussite armies would focus on raiding the land of Catholic sympathizers. Many historians have painted the Hussites as religious fanatics; they fought in part for a nationalist purpose: to protect their land from a King and a Pope who did not recognize the right of the Hussites to exist.
Zizka led armies to storm castles, monasteries, churches, and villages, expelling the Catholic clergy, expropriating ecclesiastical lands, or accepting conversions. During the struggle against Sigismund, Taborite armies penetrated into areas of modern-day Slovakia as well. Thus Hussite doctrines and the Czech Bible were disseminated among the Slovaks, providing the basis for a future link between the Czechs and their Slovak neighbors.
When Sigismund died in , the Bohemian estates elected Albert of Austria as his successor. Albert died and his son, Ladislaus the Posthumous — so called because he was born after his father's death — was acknowledged as king. During Ladislaus' minority, Bohemia was ruled by a regency composed of moderate reform nobles who were Utraquists. Internal dissension among the Czechs provided the primary challenge to the regency. A part of the Czech nobility remained Catholic and loyal to the pope.
- Life and Letters of Robert Browning.
- Amsterdam Travel Guide: Amsterdam Travelers Guide to Make The Most Out of Your Trip.
- Please Help Me Lift Something Heavy. Thank You!.
- SelectedWorks.
- Alive In Eternity!
- Publisher Series: Czech Literature Series?
- The Secret Affair (Mills & Boon Desire) (The Westmorelands, Book 28).
A Utraquist delegation to the Council of Basel in had negotiated a seeming reconciliation with the Catholic Church. The Compacts of Basel accepted the basic tenets of Hussitism expressed in the Four Articles of Prague: communion under both kinds; free preaching of the Gospels; expropriation of church land; and exposure and punishment of public sinners.
The Golden Age
The pope, however, rejected the compact, thus preventing the reconciliation of Czech Catholics with the Utraquists. George installed another Utraquist, John of Rokycan , as archbishop of Prague and succeeded in uniting the more radical Taborites with the Czech Reformed Church. The Catholic party was driven out of Prague. Although George was noble-born, he was not a successor of royal dynasty; his election to the monarchy was not recognised by the Pope, or any other European monarchs.
George sought to establish a "Charter of a Universal Peace Union. Also, Europe should unite to fight the Turks.
YIVO | Czech Literature
States would have one vote each, with a leading role for France. George did not see a specific role for Papal authority. Upon the death of the Hussite king, the Bohemian estates elected a Polish prince Ladislaus Jagiellon as king, who negotiated the Peace of Olomouc in In he also became king of Hungary, and the Polish Jagellonian line ruled both Bohemia and Hungary. The Jagellonians governed Bohemia as absentee monarchs; their influence in the kingdom was minimal, and effective government fell to the regional nobility. Czech Catholics accepted the Compact of Basel in and were reconciled with the Utraquists.
The Bohemian estrangement from the Empire continued after Vladislav had succeeded Matthias Corvinus of Hungary in and both the Bohemian and the Hungarian kingdom were held in personal union. As a result, the Turks conquered part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and the rest mainly present-day Slovakia territory came under Habsburg rule under the terms of King Louis' marriage contract.
Thus began almost four centuries of Habsburg rule for both Bohemia and Slovakia. The incorporation of Bohemia into the Habsburg Monarchy against the resistance of the local Protestant nobility sparked the Defenestration of Prague and the Thirty Years' War. Their defeat at the Battle of White Mountain in put an end to the Bohemian autonomy movement. The Prussian army conquered Saxony and in invaded Bohemia. In the Battle of Prague they defeated the Habsburgs and subsequently occupied Prague.
More than one quarter of Prague was destroyed and the St. Vitus Cathedral suffered heavy damage. With the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in , the Bohemian kingdom was incorporated into the now two years old Austrian Empire and the royal title retained alongside the title of Austrian Emperor.
Kingdom of Bohemia
The Bohemian Kingdom officially ceased to exist in by transformation into the Czechoslovak Republic. The current Czech Republic consisting of Bohemia, Moravia and Czech Silesia still uses most of the symbols of the Kingdom of Bohemia: a two-tailed lion in its coat-of-arms, red-white strips in the state flag and the royal castle as the president's office. Bohemia was among the first countries in Europe to become industrialized. Mining of tin and silver began in Ore mountains in early 12th century.
The modern Czech Republic is the legal successor of the Crown of Bohemia, as stated in the preamble to its Constitution. Prior to , Bohemia was divided into seven to sixteen district units. These included the following in different time periods:. According to Johann Gottfried Sommer Bohemia was divided into 16 district units between and After , Bohemia's district units were sub-divided into districts German: Bezirk , pl.
Bezirke ; Czech: Okres. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Monarchy in Central Europe, predecessor of modern Czech Republic. Coat of arms. Prague groschen issued between and Further information: Czech lands: — , Czech lands: — , and Czech lands: — This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it.
- Sorry, we can't find the page you're looking for!.
- Poisoned Arrow (Jasusi Dunya Book 60).
- See a Problem?.
- In Come the Slavs.
- Helping the Sick Child to Renew Her Life: A Mail Order Bride Romance.
- The genius who gave us the future: 100 years of Alan Turing (cs4fn: Computer Science For Fun Book 14).
- Main navigation!
May Further information: Lands of the Bohemian Crown. This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in German. May Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
You are here
Holy Roman Empire portal. Part of a series on the. Early history. Middle Ages. Early modern period. Czech Republic. I feel like I'm writing angry margin notes on a student manuscript and that's kind of disrespectful and obnoxious, I realize.