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Table of contents
- Life on Mars? NASA's Curiosity rover snaps photos of mushrooms
- Case Study: Fossil Microbes on Mars?
- Mars - News and Scientific Articles on Live Science
- READ LIKE A LOCAL
Any life there might threaten them, and us upon their return. Thus, the issue of life on Mars is now front and center. Life on Mars seemed a long shot. On the other hand, it would take a near miracle for Mars to be sterile. A tiny fraction of this material eventually lands on the other planet, perhaps infecting it with microbiological hitch-hikers.
That some Earth microbial species could survive the Martian environment has been demonstrated in many laboratories. There are even reports of the survival of microorganisms exposed to naked space outside the International Space Station ISS. He allowed microbes to contaminate a hay-infusion broth, after which bubbles of their expired gas appeared. Prior to containing living microorganisms, no bubbles appeared. Pasteur had earlier determinted that heating, or pasteurizing, such a substance would kill the microbes. Billions of people are thus protected against microbial pathogens.
This standard test, in essence, was the LR test on Mars, modified by the addition of several nutrients thought to broaden the prospects for success with alien organisms, and the tagging of the nutrients with radioactive carbon. These enhancements made the LR sensitive to the very low microbial populations postulated for Mars, should any be there, and reduced the time for detection of terrestrial microorganisms to about one hour.
Life on Mars? NASA's Curiosity rover snaps photos of mushrooms
But on Mars, each LR experiment continued for seven days. The Viking LR sought to detect and monitor ongoing metabolism, a very simple and fail-proof indicator of living microorganisms. Several thousand runs were made, both before and after Viking, with terrestrial soils and microbial cultures, both in the laboratory and in extreme natural environments.
No false positive or false negative result was ever obtained. This strongly supports the reliability of the LR Mars data, even though their interpretation is debated. Scientific papers published about the LR are available on my Web site. The spacecraft gathered data on the atmospheric composition, density, pressure, and temperature as well as the surface composition and topography of Mars.
When Mariner 9 first arrived, Mars was almost totally obscured by dust storms, which persisted for more than a month. After the dust cleared, it revealed for the first time a number of gigantic volcanoes and a huge canyon system stretching km across its surface. More surprisingly, ancient river beds were carved in the landscape of the seemingly dry and dusty planet. Mariner 9 photo-mapped the planet's entire surface. It also took the first close-up pictures of the tiny Martian moons, Deimos and Phobos. Failed to enter Mars orbit and instead flew past Mars on 10 February at km.
It transmitted from orbit for 22 days, and returned 60 photos.
Case Study: Fossil Microbes on Mars?
Flyby module and lander. Arrived 12 March Contact was lost just before landing. The flyby module passed within km of Mars. Arrived 9 March but lander separated too early and missed the planet by km.
Mars - News and Scientific Articles on Live Science
Viking 1 US Launch date 20 Aug. Arrived 19 June Orbiter operated until 17 August Lander operated on the surface from 20 July to 13 November Two identical Viking spacecraft, each consisting of a lander and an orbiter, were built. Each orbiter-lander pair flew together and entered Mars orbit; the landers then separated and descended to the planet's surface.
Three terminal descent engines provided attitude control and reduced the lander's velocity after parachute separation. The landers' electricity was provided by radioactive power sources. The orbiters found that atmospheric pressure varies by 30 per cent during the Martian year because carbon dioxide condenses and vaporises at the polar caps. The permanent north cap was shown to be made of water ice, while the southern cap retains some carbon dioxide ice through the summer.
The landers each carried a scoop to collect surface material. This was analysed in a small laboratory. The results were contradictory, but it was generally accepted that no evidence of Mars microbes was found. Viking 1 reached Mars first and one month later, after a safe site was selected from orbiter images, its lander touched down on the western slope of Chryse Planitia.
It was the first American mission to land safely on the surface of Mars.
The orbiter spent more than four years imaging the surface and studying the atmosphere. The lander operated for well over six years. Viking 2 US Launch date 9 September Arrived 7 August The orbiter operated until 25 July ; the lander operated on the surface from 3 September to 11 April The Viking orbiters and landers returned more than 50 , photos. The orbiters mapped 97 per cent of the martian surface.
Viking 2 arrived in Mars orbit some seven weeks after Viking 1. The Viking 2 Lander touched down on another lowland region, Utopia Planitia. The landing site was further north than that of the Viking 1 Lander, and on the opposite side of the planet.
The orbiter operated for almost two years. The lander operated on the surface for Mars days and was turned off when its batteries failed. Mars orbiter and Phobos lander. Contact was lost on 2 September en route to Mars.
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Mars orbiter, Phobos lander and Phobos hopper. Arrived 30 January Contact was lost on 27 March before the deployment of the lander and hopper to Phobos. Returned photos and spectral data of Mars and 37 images of Phobos. Mars Orbiter.
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- Life on Mars? NASA's Curiosity rover snaps photos of mushrooms | Daily Mail Online.
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- 'There has been and still is life on Mars,' expert claims, citing NASA photos.
- Daring Mars mission to send rocks back to Earth in hunt for past life!
Contact was lost on 21 August , three days before arrival at Mars. Arrived 12 September Contact was lost on 2 November The orbiter continued to examine Mars' surface and monitor its global weather patterns through three mission extensions, operating longer than any previous spacecraft sent to Mars at the time.
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It was five days short of the 10th anniversary of its launch and just one month into its 4th mission extension when it stopped communicating with Earth. Mars Global Surveyor returned more than images and million spectrometer measurements. Its laser altimeter fired million times, resulting in the creation of a nearly global map of the planet's topography. Mars 96 Russia Launch date 16 November Orbiter, two landers and two penetrators; did not reach Earth orbit. Lander and rover. Landed 4 July , operated until 27 September The first completed project in NASA's Discovery Programme of low-cost planetary missions, Pathfinder was a technology demonstration as well as a scientific mission.
Its final descent used a parachute, then 24 airbags inflated and the parachute was cut free. After bouncing across the surface, the spacecraft came to rest on the floor of an ancient flood channel known as Ares Vallis. The 10 kg Sojourner rover trundled down a ramp from the lander and onto the rock-covered plains. It moved slowly around the landing site for the next 83 Martian days, until communications transmitted via the lander stopped on 27 September , possibly caused by a flat battery on the lander and a subsequent drop in operating temperature.
Dozens of rocks were photographed from close range and more than a dozen were chemically analysed by Sojourner's X-ray spectrometer. Many seemed to be volcanic in origin, though others contained rounded pebbles, suggesting that running water was involved in their formation. The lander and rover returned more than 17 images, chemical analyses of rocks and soil, and extensive data on winds, temperature etc.
Nozomi Japan Launch date 3 July Failed to enter orbit and flew by Mars on 14 December at a distance of km. No data were returned. Destroyed upon arrival, at Mars on 23 September , when an error in commands resulted in too low an altitude during the orbit insertion. The spacecraft entered the atmosphere at an altitude of 57 km and was lost. Lander and two penetrators the Deep Space 2 Mars microprobes. Contact was lost on arrival on 3 December , just minutes before atmospheric entry. Arrived 24 October ; still operational. In the second Science paper, scientists led by Christopher R. But with data now extending over five years, the scientists reported that methane levels go up and down by a factor of three, and the variations appear to follow Martian seasons.
Planetary scientists originally expected little methane in the Martian atmosphere, because that molecule is readily destroyed by sunlight and chemical reactions. But in , observations from Earth indicated plumes of methane over parts of Mars. Those readings vanished two years later. Because methane does not last in the atmosphere, any significant amounts there today must have been released recently. Methane can be created by geological interactions between rock, water and heat, or it could be a product of microbes that release methane as a waste product.
A refined technique was able to measure lower levels, below 1 part per billion. Then in it recorded a burst of methane that lasted at least two months. The rover has measured a few more methane spikes, but the new wrinkle is the undulations in the low background levels — higher in summer than winter.