Manual Hidden Hotels of St. Paul and Minneapolis: 1900-1905: 400 Short Tales of Lurid Lodging

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Table of contents

Cubans, Italians, and Spaniards of this type joined together in radical groups, cooperatives, and unions to advance working-class causes. Among these individuals there existed a multifaceted class culture. Yet tension always existed between the pull of class-based collectivist solutions and the tug of individualist approaches to society. The radical movement in Ybor City, despite trumpeting class war and revolution, never lived up to its rhetoric. In the end the issues of class gave way to those of a culture and community that were increasingly coopted by middle-class American values.

Yet a rich associational life flowed in part from the leftist doctrines circulating in Ybor City, resulting in group endeavors of extraordinary proportions. The degree to which immigrants dedicated themselves to constructing mutual aid societies and militant unions, and the extent to which diverse immigrant groups cooperated, were remarkable.

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Over time these institutions and loyalties became infused with intense social meaning. In contrast to the commu nal organizations of Ybor City, which operated with an unusual lack of racial or ethnic prejudice, stands the record of local, state, and federal authorities, who conducted a mounting crescendo of nativist assaults against Ybor City's immigrant population. The major crucible of cultural formation in Ybor City was labor un rest. The turbulent strikes of , , , , and helped transform clusters of Italians, Spaniards, and Cubans into a distinctive "Latin" community, to use the local expression.

While this community coalesced in part because of hostility from native "Anglo" Tampa, the interaction between ethnic groups and their institutions was far more creative. Sharing occurred in many realms but never more persistently or pervasively than in the mutual aid societies and the workplace. Many of the first generation had died by this time, and a second generation began to show signs of change. Formal schooling had become increasingly important. Most Italian families had left the cigar factories and invested their ener gies in trades and businesses.

One of the great ironies of Ybor City is that the material success generated by Latins blunted the radical mes sages in which they had once fervently believed. Thompson, "which is not at the same time, growth, or change of culture. The fulcrum upon which this study balances is its focus on the inter action between Italian immigrants and their Latin neighbors.

There is also a recognition of the importance of the dynamic exchange between immigrants and the urban-industrial ecology. We have largely structured this work along thematic lines on the assumption that this organizational framework illuminates most clearly the texture of the immigrant world of Ybor City. The first three chapters establish the necessary groundwork for the en suing analysis of ethnic interactions. Chapter 1 places Tampa's Italians in their old-world villages, exploring their premigration experiences.

Here we learn of their traditional culture, economic skills, ideological leanings, shared adversities, and motivations for emigration.

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Such de tails permit an examination of what was lost, gained, or mutated in the New World. Chapter 2 establishes the city of Tampa and accounts for its evolution as an industrializing urban center. Chapter 3 provides for the origins and settlement of Ybor City and treats the inception of the cigar industry, the first Cuban and Spanish immigrations, and the appearance of early Italian arrivals in the city. Once Italians are established in Ybor City and placed in the wider urban-industrial structure, the factor of immigrant interaction is engaged directly. The intensity and importance of interactive situations has deter mined the ordering of subsequent chapters.

Hence the workplace and unions, mutual aid societies, and radical groups receive first priority. These contexts ultimately determined the major contours of Italian immi grant adjustments and the nature of the community's broader social rela- PAGE 35 Introduction 13 tions. Those confluences follow which were less crucial in community formation and group development and were to an extent derivative from the earlier ones religion, neighborhood, mobility. Each of the six the matic chapters contains its own internal chronological framework.

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Chap ter 10 traces the period since World War II, which witnessed the dis integration of Ybor City as a Latin neighborhood and its evolution as a black residential area. This volume employs a broad range of sources. Archives in Italy and the United States yielded valuable information about the immigrants who settled in Ybor City. But had this study relied solely upon census schedules, statistical abstracts, newspapers, and other written historical sources, important dimensions of the Ybor City experience would have been missing.

For these elusive areas we made extensive use of oral his tory interviews, fully aware of the limitations of these materials as his torical sources. We feel strongly that oral accounts must be scrutinized and tested like any other document; an interview stands as no more or less legitimate than a newspaper article or government report. In many cases Tampa's humid climate, perfect for cigarmaking but terrible for preserving records, has led to major gaps in the traditional historical sources. No school records for the city before the s have been discovered. The archives of the Office of Licenses and Permits and the court records have disappeared.

Voting lists and police records are completely nonexistent prior to No one has been able to determine where the naturalization petitions of Tampa's aliens have gone. Incredi bly, for a city that cigars made famous, there survives not one complete set of company records for any of the firms active between and On March 1, , a great fire completely destroyed seventeen square blocks of Ybor City and thousands of irreplaceable records were lost forever. Oral accounts, therefore, constitute an indispensable link to the immigrant world. The taping of Ybor City's past should not be viewed as an end in itself.

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History from the bottom up allows one to challenge the conven tional wisdom, not only as it applies to the local scene, but also as it fits into wider patterns of national development. We encountered numerous instances where oral history contradicted secondary accountswhich does not necessarily mean that conventional sources are inaccurate, or that the immigrants misrepresented the truth, but simply that if enough PAGE 36 14 The Immigrant World ofYbor City people believe in a doctrine, even if it is incorrect, then it becomes the truth, at least for those who hold it.

This is often the only means of chart ing out the mental worlds in which people operated. Many immigrants and their children shared their experiences with us. Labor leaders and workers, politicians and bolita players, housewives and peddlers, all gave distinct impressions and memories of the work place, neighborhood, and family.


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Interviews provided unique insights, perspectives to be analyzed as historical documents. The dominoes in the cantina now skid across the table with a tempo more adagio than allegro. Soon the immigrant generation will be gone. NOTES 1.

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Interview with Jose Vega Diaz, May 3, Interview with Paul Longo, June 1, Interview with Joseph Maniscalco, April 3, Vecoli's pathbreaking "Contadini in Chicago," , began a vigorous reassess ment of immigration history. Cinel, From Italy to San Francisco. Vecoli, "Chicago's 'Little Italies,'" Thompson, English Working Class, Herbert G. Gutman's work has made important advances in understanding these processes; see particularly his essays in Work, Culture and Society.

Bodnar, Workers' World. Sociologists Richard Juliani and Mark Hutter provide preliminary theoretical conceptions of these issues in "Italian and Jewish Interactions. A good example of the strengths and weaknesses of the comparative approach is Barton, Peasants and Strangers. PAGE 37 Introduction 15 Massari, Wonderful Life, Hareven, Family Time and Industrial Time, , contains an extended discussion of interviewing techniques and oral history usages. See Amoskeag, by Hareven and Langenbach, for a rich collection of oral interviews illustrating many of these concepts.

Testimony by Calcedonio Inghilleri, Inchiesta Agraria sidle Condizioni dei Contadini Angelo Massari scribbled a message on the family gate, pondering be tween spasms of doubt the importance of the occasion. In chalk he wrote, "13 ottobre Massari had already met head-on a series of tur bulent events that had significantly altered his life in Sicily: the bank ruptcy of Italian agrarian policy; the brutal suppression of the fasci workers' leagues ; and the exodus to the Americas of men from his own Santo Stefano Quisquina, an agrotown in southern Sicily.

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Now he too was to leave. After feverish consultation with americani, villagers who had immi grated to Tampa, Florida, and returned, Massari prepared himself for departure. The next morning, he and a half-dozen paesani coun trymen left Santo Stefano by donkey cart for the harbor of Palermo. For Massari the journey was a baptism into a mysterious and exhilarating world beyond the confines of his village; for the others, all seasoned travel ers on the emigrant trail, the ride was simply tedious. She had reluctantly returned to Sicily, dutifully accompanying her homesick husband, after they had accumulated a modest fortune in Ybor City.

In the New World, she had proclaimed to Massari, "there was no scarcity of anything.


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Such a thing was not to be dreamed of in Santo Stefano. Here, at the local level, one can best appreciate how people made their choices and under took to find a new life, decisions that propelled thousands of Sicilians from their paesi villages to the Americas. Although it may seem that epidemic "American fever" had ravaged all of Italy and Sicily, in retro spect the phenomenon was actually more particularistic, striking certain villages and towns with varying degrees of intensity.

The dynamics at work can be examined in a cluster of Sicilian hill-towns in the province of Agrigento, all of which were swept into the vortex of the emigration process. The roots of Tampa's Sicilian community sink deep into the island's troubled past. The villages sending emigrants to Florida are contained in the Val di Magazzolo, one of many valley systems in the midst of south western Sicily's mountainous terrain. Beginning at the northern end with Santo Stefano Quisquina, the settlements stretch out like beads on a stringBivona, Alessandria della Rocca, Cianciana. Perched on hill tops away from malarial bottomlands, the villages, though different in important particulars, shared a long history of contact and interaction.