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In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate seeds.Botanic fruit and culinary · Development · Seedless fruits · Food uses.
Table of contents
- A-Z of fruit and veg - Great Grub Club
- Programs & Offices
- Fruits from A-Z
- Send a Gift Basket for All Occasions
- Fruit and Vegetable Industry Advisory Committee
Types of simple, fleshy, fruits with examples include:. An aggregate fruit, or etaerio , develops from a single flower with numerous simple pistils. The pome fruits of the family Rosaceae , including apples , pears , rosehips , and saskatoon berry are a syncarpous fleshy fruit, a simple fruit, developing from a half-inferior ovary.
A-Z of fruit and veg - Great Grub Club
Schizocarp fruits form from a syncarpous ovary and do not really dehisce , but rather split into segments with one or more seeds; they include a number of different forms from a wide range of families. Aggregate fruits form from single flowers that have multiple carpels which are not joined together, i. Each pistil forms a fruitlet, and collectively the fruitlets are called an etaerio.
Four types of aggregate fruits include etaerios of achenes, follicles, drupelets, and berries.
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Ranunculaceae species, including Clematis and Ranunculus have an etaerio of achenes, Calotropis has an etaerio of follicles, and Rubus species like raspberry, have an etaerio of drupelets. Annona have an etaerio of berries. The raspberry , whose pistils are termed drupelets because each is like a small drupe attached to the receptacle. In some bramble fruits such as blackberry the receptacle is elongated and part of the ripe fruit, making the blackberry an aggregate-accessory fruit.
A multiple fruit is one formed from a cluster of flowers called an inflorescence. Each flower produces a fruit, but these mature into a single mass. In the photograph on the right, stages of flowering and fruit development in the noni or Indian mulberry Morinda citrifolia can be observed on a single branch. First an inflorescence of white flowers called a head is produced. After fertilization , each flower develops into a drupe, and as the drupes expand, they become connate merge into a multiple fleshy fruit called a syncarp.
Berries are another type of fleshy fruit; they are simple fruit created from a single ovary. Types include examples follow in the table below :. Some or all of the edible part of accessory fruit is not generated by the ovary. Accessory fruit can be simple, aggregate, or multiple, i.
Seedlessness is an important feature of some fruits of commerce. Commercial cultivars of bananas and pineapples are examples of seedless fruits. Some cultivars of citrus fruits especially grapefruit , mandarin oranges , navel oranges , satsumas , table grapes , and watermelons are valued for their seedlessness.
Fruits from A-Z
In some species, seedlessness is the result of parthenocarpy , where fruits set without fertilization. Parthenocarpic fruit set may or may not require pollination, but most seedless citrus fruits require a stimulus from pollination to produce fruit. Seedless bananas and grapes are triploids , and seedlessness results from the abortion of the embryonic plant that is produced by fertilization, a phenomenon known as stenospermocarpy , which requires normal pollination and fertilization.
Variations in fruit structures largely depend on their seeds' mode of dispersal.
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This dispersal can be achieved by animals, explosive dehiscence , water, or wind. Some fruits have coats covered with spikes or hooked burrs, either to prevent themselves from being eaten by animals , or to stick to the feathers, hairs, or legs of animals, using them as dispersal agents. Examples include cocklebur and unicorn plant. The sweet flesh of many fruits is "deliberately" appealing to animals, so that the seeds held within are eaten and "unwittingly" carried away and deposited i.
Likewise, the nutritious, oily kernels of nuts are appealing to rodents such as squirrels , which hoard them in the soil to avoid starving during the winter, thus giving those seeds that remain uneaten the chance to germinate and grow into a new plant away from their parent. Other fruits are elongated and flattened out naturally, and so become thin, like wings or helicopter blades, e. This is an evolutionary mechanism to increase dispersal distance away from the parent, via wind.
Other wind-dispersed fruit have tiny " parachutes ", e. Coconut fruits can float thousands of miles in the ocean to spread seeds. Some other fruits that can disperse via water are nipa palm and screw pine. Many hundreds of fruits, including fleshy fruits like apple , kiwifruit , mango , peach , pear , and watermelon are commercially valuable as human food, eaten both fresh and as jams, marmalade and other preserves.
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Fruits are also used in manufactured foods e. Many "vegetables" in culinary parlance are botanical fruits, including bell pepper , cucumber , eggplant , green bean , okra , pumpkin , squash , tomato , and zucchini. Spices like allspice , black pepper , paprika , and vanilla are derived from berries. All fruits benefit from proper post harvest care, and in many fruits, the plant hormone ethylene causes ripening. Therefore, maintaining most fruits in an efficient cold chain is optimal for post harvest storage, with the aim of extending and ensuring shelf life.
Fresh fruits are generally high in fiber , vitamin C , and water. Regular consumption of fruit is generally associated with reduced risks of several diseases and functional declines associated with aging.
Fruit and Vegetable Industry Advisory Committee
For food safety , the CDC recommends proper fruit handling and preparation to reduce the risk of food contamination and foodborne illness. Fresh fruits and vegetables should be carefully selected; at the store, they should not be damaged or bruised; and precut pieces should be refrigerated or surrounded by ice. All fruits and vegetables should be rinsed before eating. This recommendation also applies to produce with rinds or skins that are not eaten. It should be done just before preparing or eating to avoid premature spoilage.
Fruits and vegetables should be kept separate from raw foods like meat, poultry, and seafood, as well as from utensils that have come in contact with raw foods. Fruits and vegetables that are not going to be cooked should be thrown away if they have touched raw meat, poultry, seafood, or eggs. All cut, peeled, or cooked fruits and vegetables should be refrigerated within two hours. After a certain time, harmful bacteria may grow on them and increase the risk of foodborne illness. Fruit allergies make up about 10 percent of all food related allergies.
Because fruits have been such a major part of the human diet, various cultures have developed many different uses for fruits they do not depend on for food. For example:. Fruit flies are species of flies that lay their eggs in the flesh of fruit. The pupae then consume the fruit before maturing into adult flies. Some species lay eggs in fruit that is done maturing or rotten; however, some species select hosts that are not yet ripe.
Thus, these fruit flies cause significant damage to fruit crops. An example of this type of fruit fly is the Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tyroni B. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Fruit disambiguation. Part of a flowering plant. Main article: Fruit anatomy. Main article: Aggregate fruit. Main article: Multiple fruit. Main articles: Berry botany and Berry. Main article: Accessory fruit. Food portal. CRC Press. Haworth Press. Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology. Jones and Bartlett. Archived from the original on On Food and Cooking. Western Australian Herbarium. Archived from the original on 8 October Retrieved 23 July Anatomy of seed plants.
John Wiley and Sons, New York. Botany: an introduction to plant biology. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Elliot; Weier, Thomas Elliot Botany: a brief introduction to plant biology.