The life and times of James Ussher archbishop of Armagh

A very informative examination of James Ussher, this book is a handy resource for anyone interested in his life and personal background. The frequent.
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Bryan O'Rourke, Prince of Breffney, when about to be executed at Tyburn for treason, refused the Archbishop's ministrations on the ground that he was a bad man. Magrath carried off much of his ill-gotten spoil to England.

Full text of "The life and times of James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh"

Fenton reports to Burleigh, May 26, , that the Archbishop had suddenly departed out of Ireland " with great sums of money, besides plate and jewels. Lyon had then been thirteen years a bishop. The wonder is that the Reformation ever suc- ceeded, that there should be an Irish Protestant Church at all. It lent itself to an extreme Puritan type, and thereby offered but little attraction to the warm, imaginative Celtic mind. Spenser, who lived in Ireland for eighteen years, notices this. He speaks of the churches " so unhandsomely patched and thatched.

Men doe even shunne the places for the uncomeliness thereof. See also what King a strong Protestant authority says on the subject. It found it so. It was its misfortune, not its fault, that it came in for the sad heritage of dismantled cathedrals and decayed churches. The Roman Catholic Church was straining every nerve to recover her lost position, and under the guise of religion was fostering with assiduity all efforts made to overthrow the Queen's authority. Within the last quarter of a century it has restored and otherwise im- proved nearly all its ancient cathedral churches, while two of them have been rebuilt from their foundations.

Patrick's, Christ Church, St. Canice, and Holy Trinity, Waterford ; in the south, of St. Finbarre, all testify to this zeal for the houses of God in the land. The parish churches have likewise shared in this general desire for re-edification and adornment, and some of them have been rebuilt in a sumptuous style by private liberality. As a proof of this 42 Ireland at ZDlose of tfje 16tf Centurg country and extending the blessings of religion and civilisation. They met with but indifferent success ; they were hampered and countermanded from London by persons who did not realise the gravity and difficulty of the problem.

The Eng- lish Government never knew its own mind for long, and perpetually vacillated and halted be- tween indulgence on one side and severity on the other. Ireland was the grave then, as since, of more than one noble reputation. Still withal the country and its people had a strange fascination for English governors. No Englishman ever tasted the bitter-sweet of the Irish Deputyship but sighed and prayed to leave it, and then sighed and prayed to return to it.

They were political moths, and Ireland was the candle in which they singed their wings and sometimes lost their lives. He seldom alludes to politics at all, except when his official position required it. He leaves that to his correspon- dents. The fact is that throughout his life Ussher was, above everything else, a student. He made little pretensions to that statecraft for which some of his contemporaries were distin- guished. He loved his books ; he lived, in a large measure, the life of a recluse ; his vision was bounded by the walls of his splendid library ; here he wrought, and the fruit of his toil may still be found in tomes from which successive generations of students have gathered fresh spoils.

In Mendoza, writing to the King of Spain, mentions that Elizabeth had offered the viceroyalty to several nobles who had refused it. There has been the same difficulty in our own day. Ussher was surrounded by Roman Catholic relatives, who laid more than one trap to catch him. His mother became a Roman Catholic after her husband's death.

It was even reported that he himself, shortly before his death, joined the Church of Rome, though there is not a shadow of foundation for the statement. Richard Parr, the biographer of Ussher, son of the Rev. Richard Parr, was born in Fermoy, county of Cork, in He was educated in the parish school of Castlelyons, and when eighteen years of age entered Exeter College, Oxford, as a servitor. In Ussher met him there, and made him his chaplain.

He accompanied the Archbishop to London, married a rich widow, and became vicar of Reigate. He died at Camberwell in , aged seventy-four. Ware's Writers of Ireland, p.

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Parr, " on a sudden to repeat any part of the Bible. Yet he always loved a good poem that was well and chastely writ. The report had been circulated even earlier that he had " turned a papist," but, says one of his biographers Dr. Bernard , " it fell out to be at the same time or immediately after he had, in two learned sermons, given his judgment at large that the Papacy was meant by Babylon in the iyth and 1 8th of the Revelation which in the return of his answer to that report he did affirm, and was his judgment to his last. Ussher's view was also that of Bedell, in a sermon on Rev.

James Ussher and the History of Bible Chronology

See also Bernard's Life of Ussher, p. Nicholas Bernard was educated in Cam- bridge, and coming over to Ireland was ordained by Ussher, who made him his chaplain, and got him preferred to the Deanery of 46 lEarlg naucatfon of Dr. Bernard, one of his biographers, Ussher was led to serious thoughts, when ten years of age, by hearing a sermon preached on Romans xii. Augustine's Confessions had a great influence over him, and we are told he often wept while he read them. His spiritual experience was fed during solitary walks by the banks of the Dodder, a river which then poured its clear waters through sequestered valleys on the south side of Dublin.

It shows the strong bias that had already set in, in favour of theological and antiquarian pursuits. Besides my main studies, I have always used, as a kind of recreation, to spend some time gathering together the scattered anti- quities of our nation ; " and he inquires after a Ardagh. He died in- cumbent of the rich living of Whitchurch in Patrick, and notes the birth of the Irish apostle as having taken place in Clydesdale, "by the place which is now called Kirkpatrick. He received his first communion the following year. In the early days of her Christian history, Ireland was well supplied with schools of learning ; her colleges were to be found in every part of the land.

The University of Armagh, said to have been founded by St. Patrick, was certainly an 1 Ussher's Works, xv. Ussher himself says he was inter primos in illatn admissos. Dublin Uni- versity Calendar, , pt. The in- vasion of the Ostmen, who had no love or respect for learning, scattered these institutions, and for several centuries the country appears to have relapsed into a state of barbarism.

We owe the first attempt to establish anything like a national University in Ireland to the intention of its promoters to bind the country more closely to the Anglo-Papal dominion. Clement in his Bull states: Patrick's Cathedral, Appendix ix. In the preface to the Bull the Pope notices, that there would be less difficulty in founding a University in Ireland as many doctors of divinity were to be found in that country. The University was to be under the government of a Chancellor, who must be a Doctor of Divinity or of the Common Law, and would have spiritual juris- diction over the masters and scholars.

Patrick's Cathedral " without challenge or contradiction from any person whatsoever. In , Edward III. The needed protection was granted to students coming up to Dublin from the country, destroyed by a fire in Christ Church Cathedral. Alan's copy is printed by Ware. D 50 lEatlg lElrocatfon of who stated that they could not proceed to Oxford on account of their poverty and the dangers of the way.

In , an effort was made to establish a University in Drogheda during the session of a Parliament held there. It was to be founded after the model of the University of Oxford. The statute of foundation was as follows: Then another scheme seems to have been taken up by George Browne, first Protestant Archbishop of Dublin, in His plan was to endow "a faire and lardge colledge " out of the revenues of St. Patrick's Cathedral, to be called Christ Church College. It was further to be supported by the income from the benefices of Trim, Armulghan, Rathewere, Callan, Dungarvan, and the Warden- ship of Youghal.

In that year, Queen Elizabeth deputed certain officers to go over to Ireland and see if a national University could not be established.

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A Parliament was summoned for the purpose in Dublin, and the question was discussed in the presence of the Lord-Deputy, Sir H. A copy is also preserved in the Library T. The church itself was to be turned into a court-house, and the canons' houses into inns for the Judges. He died suddenly in the Tower of London in the following year. Patrick's Cathedral and Dublin Uni- versity Calendar, The revenue of St. Patrick's Cathedral was then marks per annum, which, it was understood, would endow the colleges with a year each.

See also Shirley's Letters, as above. This scheme for establishing a University out of the revenues of St. Patrick's had also been opposed by Archbishop Curwin. State Papers, January 21, Loftus and Perrot had quarrelled fiercely over this business, and the Archbishop threatened to resign if it " Perrot's College" was carried out March 18, A tempo- rary reconciliation was effected on Easter Day, , when they received the communion together, but the old "bickerings" soon broke out again.

Perrot swore he would not be crossed, and threatened to be the utter enemy of Loftus ; but it was the old story of the earthen jar and the iron pot. Patrick's Cathedral fell through at the time, the idea sur- vived of a connection between that ancient eccle- siastical corps and a national University, as is proved by the fact that the Trinity College Commencements were held within the precincts of the Cathedral up to , when they were stopped by the Lords Chief Justices in conse- quence of riots between Town and Gown.

It was therefore con- stantly and urgently brought under the notice of the Sovereign. A great wave of enlightenment was passing over England ; the question was, Was Ireland to remain outside its influence?

The life and times of James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh

Attention was now directed to the revenues of some of the suppressed monasteries, and Arch- bishop Loftus eventually prevailed on the mayor 1 St. Patrick's Cathedral has served many purposes in its day. At one period it was used as a common hall for the Four Courts, and under Cromwell for courts-martial. Campion, in his History, acknowledges his in- debtedness to him.

See Halliday's Scandinavian Kingdom of Dublin, p. Hoggan Green was in its day the Tyburn of Dublin. At Easter, Archbishop Loftus, with his clergy, met the mayor Thomas Smith , aldermen, and commons of Dublin, at the Tholsel in High Street, and there made a speech to them, setting forth the advantage of having such a nursery of learning founded, and how well the Queen would take it if they bestowed the old decayed monastery of All Hallows for the purpose. On the north towards the river there was a boggy strip of ground, covered by the water at high tide, and on the south it was bounded by the path leading to St.

Patrick's Well, near the present Lincoln Place. On the east it was bounded by lands formerly belonging to the Abbey of the Blessed Virgin, but then in the 1 The warrant was. State Papers , p. The names of the following citizens deserve to be placed on record as nominated, along with others, to receive benevolences " towards the fynishing of the bylding nowe in doinge ": One of the three Fellows was Henry Ussher, who worked hard to get the royal charter, and who afterwards became Archdeacon of Dublin, and finally Arch- bishop of Armagh.

Among the first students enrolled, as we have already seen, was 1 Dr. Stubbs' History of the University of Dublin, p. The first public Commencements took place on Shrove Tuesday, February , and twelve years later, in the month of August, a great Commencement was held, when the "Acts" were performed in the high choir of St. Patrick's Cathedral, because " the college rooms were very small. A procession, we are told, was made through the city in very stately order, the Doctors, as enjoined, habited every one in his scarlet robes and hood, the Masters and Bachelors being likewise properly attired, and all presenting " a beautiful view to the sight of all men.

Bernard, "one passage in his speech at a public Commencement, that the hoods and other dis- tinctive ornaments used by several graduates in our universities were in use in Basil's and Nazianzen's time, so not Popish, as some have apprehended. The English canon on the decent 1 Bernard's Life of Ussher, pp. We are told how the Lord President " delivered a proper speech in Latin to the doctors elect, while he also administered four academical consequences: He set them in his chair ; ii.

He was then followed by the other doctors, who disputed on the same subject. A stately dinner was afterwards provided for the Lord- Deputy and Council in the College. During the time when the buildings of the College were being erected, the weather, we are told, proved unusually propitious; "from the founding to the finishing of this College, the officious heavens, always smiling by day, though often weeping by night, till the work was com- 1 Bernard's Clavi Trebahs, p. See also Annals of Four Masters, , for a similar phenomenon.

Mahaffy, Book of Trinity College, Dublin, p. We learn from a letter addressed by the Provost and Fellows to Burleigh, on August 15, , that the original buildings cost over 16, present currency. We also learn that the captains and soldiers of Ireland subscribed out of their reserved pay " towards founding Trinity College, Dublin. Book of Benefactions, T. We also learn from a letter addressed by Travers to Burleigh, that the new College was "built of brick, three stories high," thus authenticating Harris in his History of Dublin, that houses of brick began to be built in Dublin about this time, and refuting Petrie that there was not a brick house built in Dublin till the reign of Anne.

Records of Dublin, ii. Sir Thomas had obtained a grant of forfeited lands in the Ardes, county of Down, where his natural son was killed in "by such of his own household whom he trusted too much. It was probably at his establish- ment the "bottell of poysoned drinke" was obtained by John 60 lEarlg location of Smith with a view to the nefarious purpose of " removing" Shane O'Neill, and at which the Queen was so greatly angered.

Smith, who was Sir Henry Wallop's " only physician," used to complain greatly that his drugs were unsold owing to the Irish, who would use only the ministry of their own " leeches. State Papers, ; Shirley's Farney, p. He also devoted much attention to history and chronology. The words of Cicero Nescire quid antea quam natus sis acciderit id est semper esse puerum seemed to have had great weight with him.

By what authority Ussher's chronology obtained this position in our Bibles seems never to have been clearly ascertained. In , Ussher went up for the degree of B. On the death of his father, two years later, we are told that he resigned the whole of his estate to his brothers and sisters, with the exception of a small portion which he retained for himself.

He seems to have done so from a desire to be as free as possible from worldly cares, with a view to prosecuting his studies without interruption. One was a natural reaction from the Roman Catholic leanings of some members of his family, the other the strong Puritanical element that pre- vailed in Trinity College. Stapleton, a polemical writer in the interests of the Church of Rome, had written a book called the " Fortress of the Faith," in which he endeavoured to prove, by quota- tions from the Fathers, that the Roman Catholic Church was the old Church, and Protestantism altogether a new religion.

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To combat Stapleton, Ussher's attention was directed to the earliest Christian writers, and he commenced that study of the Fathers which only ended with his thirty- 1 In this year the infant College was in a precarious condition. The Queen's grant of per annum was accordingly raised to But Ussher found a still more formidable foe to his faith in the Jesuit Henry Fitzsymons. The career of this remarkable man deserves more than a passing notice.

He was sprung of a good stock, who were all " of name and account in Dublin. His father was a senator or alderman of the city, and his grand- father was Sir Thomas Fitzsymons, Prime Serjeant-in-Law. In we find Fitzsymons in Paris, where, in controversy with Father Darbyshire, " an owld English Jesuit," nephew of Bishop Bonner, and formerly Archdeacon of Essex, his Protestantism was over- thrown, and he was received into the Roman Catholic Church. In Fitzsymons, who mean- 1 See Ussher Memoirs, pp.

As is always the way with converts, Fitzsymons, from being a warm supporter of Protestantism, had now become one of its most bitter assailants. At length his aggressiveness became so great that the authorities were compelled to interfere, and Fitzsymons was seized and thrown into prison in the Castle of Dublin. His incarceration, however, could not have been very severe, as he was permitted to hold a religious controversy with Challoner, Hanmer, and Rider, the Dean of St.

Against the latter he maintained the thesis that " all antiquitie is repugnant to Protestancie. But they neither wished to look up at me in the tower, nor did they pretend to hear me when I challenged them in a stentorian voice. He was a precocious boy, but not of a bad disposition and talent as it seemed.

Perhaps he was rather greedy of applause. Anyhow he was desirous of disputing about most abstruse points of divinity. According to Fitz- symons, Ussher never appeared again. The letter is given by Fitzsymons himself, but an attempt has been made to question its genuineness. It runs as follows: Fitzsymons, to write unto you before you had first written unto me con- 1 The Castle was to Dublin what the Tower was to London. According to the Carew MSS. Fitzsymons seems not to have been harshly treated, and to have enjoyed a considerable amount of liberty. E 66 attrtrent Htfe cerning some chief points of your religion, as at our last meeting you promised.

But, seeing that you have deferred the same for reasons best known to yourself , I thought it not amiss to inquire further of your mind concerning the continuance of the conference begun between us ; and to this I am rather moved because I am credibly informed of certain reports, which I would hardly be persuaded should proceed from him who, in my presence, pretended so great love and affection to me.

If I am a boy as it hath pleased you very contemptuously to name me , I give thanks to the Lord that my carriage towards you hath been such as could minister no just occasion to despise my youth. Your spear, belike, is, in your own conceit, a weaver's beam ; and your abilities such that you desire to encounter with the stoutest champion in the host of Israel, and, therefore, like the Philistine, you contemn me as being a boy.

Yet this I would fain have you to know, that I neither came then, nor do come now, unto you in any confidence of any learning that is in me in which respect notwithstanding, I thank God I am what I am , but I come in the name of the Lord of Hosts, whose companies you have reproached, being certainly persuaded that even out of the mouths of babes and sucklings He was able to shew forth His own praises ; for the further manifestation whereof, I do again earnestly request you that, setting aside all vain comparison of persons, we may go plainly forward in examining the matters that rest in controversy between us.

Otherwise I hope you will not be dis- pleased if, as for your part you have begun, so I also, for my own part, may be bold, for the clearing of myself, and the truths which I profess, freely to make known Hilt 67 what hath already passed concerning this matter. Thus entreating you, in a few lines, to make known unto me your purpose in this behalf, I end.

Praying the Lord that both this and all other enterprises that we take in hand may be so ordered as may most make for the advancement of His own glory, and the king- dom of His Son Jesus Christ. It is not the kind of letter Ussher would have written to an antagonist in later years, when time had matured his judgment and enabled him to realise the responsibilities of such controversies.

Fitz- symons' reply to the letter, if he ever wrote any, is not forthcoming. In March , after a declaration of his " loyalty and dutiful affection to his Majesty," Fitzsymons 1 According to Ware, the subject of the three first discussions between Ussher and Fitzsymons was " Antichrist," that fertile ground for controversy in the sixteenth and seventeenth cen- turies.

They were to argue once a week, but only met two or three times. After various adventures in foreign parts he returned to Ireland, and having mixed himself up in treasonable plots, he was sentenced to be hanged. Flying from Dublin by way of the village of Rathfarnham, he sought a hiding-place at Glencree, among the bogs of the Dublin mountains, and when pursuit had ceased he made his way southwards, and probably died in Kilkenny about A list of his writings is given in the " Dictionary of National Biography," and Ussher's copy of his "Catalogue of Irish Saints" may be seen in the Library of Trinity College, with marginal notes in the Archbishop's handwriting.

We read that by Fitzsymons' death " the Roman Catholics lost a pillar of their Church Fitzsymons' writings are full of violent and indecent attacks on the Re- formers. But if this be so, the efforts thus made by his Roman Catholic relatives to entrap him only recoiled on themselves and left Ussher more strongly confirmed in the Reformed faith.

Richard Stanihurst, his uncle, seems to have abated no efforts with a view to converting him to the Roman Catholic religion. He left behind him for this purpose extensive notes, with the heading, " Brevis premonitio pro futura concertatione cum Jacobo Ussuro. But as this controversy gave a stronger bias to Ussher's Protestantism, so the atmosphere of 1 Ware says of Fitzsymons: Strange as the statement may appear, it is evident that while the Queen had a Catholic leaning in England, and encouraged the party which afterwards developed into the Laudian school, in Ireland she was either indifferent to the turn the Reformed religion might take or else encouraged the spread of Puritanism, believing that this phase of the Pro- testant movement best suited the requirements of the Irish Church.

Archbishop Loftus, though nominated first Provost of Trinity College, 1 only filled the office as a locum tenens until a regular and permanent Provost could be appointed. He was himself a strong Puritan, and, on leaving Armagh for Dublin, had suggested Hooker's opponent, Cartwright, who had been his chaplain at Armagh, as his successor in that archbishopric.

The Archbishop built himself a noble castle in the vil- lage of Rathfarnham, near Dublin, which is still standing and occupied. State Papers, March ; Shirley's Letters, p. Travers had refused episcopal orders and had gone to Holland to receive ordina- tion at the hands of the Dutch Presbytery at Antwerp, and on this account had been pro- hibited from preaching in London by Archbishop Whitgift. He had been for a period Lecturer at the Temple Church where subscription to the Thirty-nine Articles was not required when Hooker was Master, and as their views of Church doctrine and discipline were diametrically opposed, it used to be said, "the forenoon sermon spake Canterbury, and the afternoon Geneva.

It was brought as a charge 1 Fuller's History, vol. See also Walton's Life of Hooker, S. Walter Travers was of Irish extraction, and this may have had something to do with his appointment. He was the grandson of John Travers and Sarah Spenser, sister of the poet, a large portion of whose pro- perty in the county of Cork he inherited. Having no issue, he left his estates to his cousin John Travers. The family are now represented by the heir of Sir William St. The first of the family to settle in Ireland was the above-mentioned John Travers, who came over in in the retinue of Lord Grey de Wilton, Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland.

See Brady's Records of Cork, i. Hooker in his reply to the petition lodged by Travers, also charged against him that he had administered the communion, the recipients neither kneeling as was the custom of the realm, nor sitting as was the custom in the Temple Church, but standing and walking round the table. Travers' utterance was graceful; gesture plausible ; matter profitable, and his style carried in it indolent pietatis, ' a genius of grace ' flowing from his sanctified heart.

Some say that the congregation in the Temple ebbed and flowed in the afternoon, and that the auditory of Mr. Travers was far the most numerous The worst was, these two preachers Travers confuted in the after- noon. At the building of Solomon's Temple neither hammer nor axe nor tool of iron was heard therein ; whereas alas! Walton's Life of Hooker, pp.

Travers was going up into the pulpit a sorry fellow served him with a letter forbidding him to preach any more Thus was our good Zaccheus struck dumb in the pulpit Meanwhile his auditory pained that their preg- nant expectation to hear him preach should so publicly prove abortive and sent sermonless home manifested in their variety of passions some grieving, some groaning, some murmuring; and the wisest sort who held their tongues, shook their heads, as disliking the management of the matter.

When Tyrone's rebellion broke out, Travers resigned his provostship and returned to Eng- 1 Fuller's Church History, iii. The same kind of con- troversy was also proceeding elsewhere. At Cambridge, for example, " great clashing was now in the schools. Where one professor impugned the other asserted the Church discipline in England. John's College, Cambridge, and an intimate friend of Hooker's opponent, Cartwright.

The effort to strengthen the Puritan element in Trinity College did not cease on the resignation of Alvey. Gilbert's Hist, of Dublin, iii. John's, Cambridge, who was Hooker's immediate predecessor as Master of the Temple, and who died in Elrington in one place p. He died at Cambridge, January 25, Ward, Master of Sidney, Sussex, visited him twice when he was sick, and found him "very patient and comfortable. Ussher writes to Dr. Challoner, stating that this condition of things had annoyed the Arch- bishop, who had observed that no order was taken that the scholars should come into the chapel cleri- caliter vestiti.

He objected also to other things as " flat puritanical. But it was thought fit that he should be put in a coffin, and so he was. Temple was originally Master of the Free School of Lincoln. He was afterwards secretary to Sir Philip Sidney, and saw him fall at Zutphen. In he accepted the provostship " on the earnest solicitations of Dr. Abbot was now Chancellor of the University of Dublin.

Ussher, we may observe, had been offered but refused the Provostship before it was given to Temple, for the reason that it might prove "a hin- drance to his studies. He also inter- mitted the celebration of the Holy Communion till he was called to order through the intervention of Abbot. Still Temple did some good work for the College. He obtained its first statutes, and he so improved in his Churchmanship that he induced the students to wear surplices and attend Christ Church Cathedral.

They also, we learn, used " the Communion Book. Ussher was then in his thirtieth year. It was con- sidered noteworthy that Ussher always wore his episcopal robes in church, and required his chaplain to wear a surplice when celebrating the Holy Communion. It is also on record that the Archbishop never wore his hat in church, and always received the communion kneeling. Bernard's Clavi Trabales, pp. Hoyle, Professor of Divinity in the College. Salmon, the present Provost of Trinity College, refers to this constant influence of Puritan divines on the Church of Ireland, bringing up the cases of Travers and Alvey.

Professor Mahany's view is that Travers, Alvey, and Temple were men who were " baulked in their English promotion by their acknowledged Puritanism. Trinity College was not exceptional in its Puritanism. It had a rival in Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where the authorities discarded surplices and hoods at morning and evening prayer, as well as at the celebration of the Holy Communion. College suppers, as a rule, were given on Fridays. And so the cupp, one drinking, as it were, to another, as good fellows, without any particular application of the saide words more than once for all.

It was of this college that Dr. We also read that in the absence of Dr. Whitgift on a certain Sunday, Mr. Cartwright and two of his adherents made three sermons so vehemently inveighing against all ceremonies of the Church that, at leaving prayer, all scholars save three cast off their surplices as an abominable relic of superstition. See Fuller's History of the University of Cambridge, p. Compare the surplice riots of our own day in St. George's-in-the-East, as described by Stanley, Life and Corre- spondence, ii. In the year , Ussher went up for the degree of Master of Arts.

It was a remarkable coincidence that on the same day the Earl of Essex, before whom he had performed the exercises for his B. Shortly afterwards, Ussher was elected a Fellow, and also Catechist, and at the same time made the first Proctor. As Catechist, it was his business to expound the principles of the Christian religion. Then as afterwards this took very much the form of con- troversial lectures against the errors of the Church of Rome.

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